From Sambo to Superspade: The Black Experience in Motion Pictures

actors and actresses Afro-American all-black films American Film Angeles appeared Belafonte Birth black actors black audiences black characters black film black movie black performers black press black roles box office called career caricature Carmen Jones cast Chicago Cinema City colored comedy Courier D. W. Griffith dancing depiction Dorothy Dandridge Ebony feature Fetchit film's filmmakers gangster ghetto ghetto films girl Griffith Hallelujah Harlem Hearts in Dixie Hollywood industry James John Shaft Johnson later Lena Horne Lincoln mammy Micheaux Moss Motion Picture movie houses mulatto murder musical NAACP National Film Archive/Courtesy Negro nigger novel Oscar Micheaux Paul Robeson Peebles Peola Pinky played plot Porgy portrayed presented production quoted race racial Robeson Sambo scenes screen Shaft shot Sidney Poitier South Southern star Stepin Fetchit stereotypes story studio success Superspade theaters tion Twentieth Century-Fox Uncle United Artists University Variety woman World York Age