TABLE OF CONTENTS. THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF PAVEMENTS... Introduction-Ancient Roads-Roman Roads-Mexican and Peruvian Roads-French Roads-Spanish Roads-Pavements of Rome-Paris PAGE Formation of Earth's Crust-Mineral Composition of Rocks-Quartz -Feldspar-Amphibole-Pyroxene-Mica-Granite-Gneiss-Syenite -Porphyry-Diabase-Basalt-Analyses of Granite-Annual Produc- tion of Granite-Analyses of Trap-rock-Sand-Sandstone-Hudson River Bluestone-Medina Sandstone-Potsdam Sandstone-Berea Derivation of Word " Asphalt "-Early Use of Bitumen-Definition of Bitumen and Asphalt-Maltha-Origin of Asphalt-Chemistry of Asphalt and Bitumen-Methods of Analyzing Asphalt-Trinidad As- phalt-Description of Pitch Lake-Composition of Pitch Lake Asphalt -California Asphalt-Maltha-Composition of Different California Asphalts-European Asphalts-Theory of Formation-Analyses of Rock Asphalts-Mexican Asphalt-Bermudez Asphalt-Kentucky Asphalt Texas Asphalt-Utah Asphalt-Indian Territory Asphalt- - BRICK-CLAYS AND THE MANUFACTURE OF PAVING-BRICK.... Formation and Composition of Clays-Kaolin-Characteristics of Clay Shales - Fire-clays-Definition of "Vitrified "-Early Clay Clay in Burning-Annealing-Sorting. CEMENT, CEMENT MORTAR, and Concrete.. Definition of Lime and Cement-Early Cements-Portland and Nat- ural Cements-Fineness of Cement-Variation in Cement Tests-Stand- Value of Pavements-Methods of Payment-Forms of Pavements- Paving Material-Properties of a Pavement-Cheapness-Durability— Traffic-Easiness of Cleaning-Slipperiness-Maintenance-Favorable- ness to Travel-Sanitariness-Consideration of Different Pavements- Conclusion as to Best Material-Application of Principles Deduced— Annual Cost of Pavements-Pavements of Leading Cities-Openings in COBBLE AND STONE-BLOCK PAVEMENTS... Roman Stone Pavements-Shape of Early Stone Blocks-Cobble- stone Pavements-Quantity in American Cities-Cost of Cobblestone Pavements-Size and Shape of Blocks-Cost of Belgian Pavement- Granite Pavements-Quality and Size of Blocks-Specification for Blocks in Different Cities-Preparing Foundation-Laying Blocks- Joint-fillers-Cross-section of Pavements-Concrete Base-Cost of Early Asphalt and Coal-tar Pavements in United States--Grades for Asphalt Pavements-Character of Asphalt for Pavements-Asphaltic Cement-Penetration Test-Sand for Asphalt Pavements-Wearing Surface-Binder-Foundation-Method of Laying-Cracks in Pave- ment-Action of Illuminating Gas on Asphalt-Condition of Pave- ment at End of Guaranty-Rock Asphalt Pavements-Asphalt Pave- ments in London-Repairs and Maintenance-Cost of, in Different Cities-Noiseless Manhole-covers-Cost of Asphalt Pavements- Early Brick Pavements-Requirements of Paving-brick-Abrasion Test-Absorption Test-Cross-breaking Test-Crushing Test-Hard- Early Wood Pavements-London Pavements-Australian Wood in London-Specifications for London Pavements-Wood Pavement in First Broken-stone Pavement-Telford-Macadam-Merits of Mac- adam and Telford-Construction of broken-stone pavement-Founda- quired-Crown-Cementing Properties of Stone-Sprinkling-Specific- Object of Plans and Specifications-Prepared by Experts-Should be concise-Should be Plain-Alternative Bids-Instructions to Bid- THE CONSTRUCTION OF STREET-CAR TRACKS IN PAVED STREETS.. Early Construction-Amount of Pavement Maintained by Railway Companies-Location of Tracks-Forms of Old Rails-Forms of WIDTH OF STREETS AND ROADWAYS, CURBS, SIDEWALKS, ETC.. Width of Streets-Width between Curbs-Location of Sidewalks-- Curbing-Specifications for Dressing in Different Cities-Foundation Capacity of Plant-Location-Work of Plant-Asphaltic Cement- Stone Dust-Mixing-Cost-Portable Plants. 102 . 102 103 104 105 106 . 107 110 111 18. Strength of ordinary and finely ground Portland cement.. 19. Strength of coarse and fine Rosendale cement.... 20. Strength of same cement from different laboratories.. 21. Showing importance of sand tests for cement..... 22. Strength of cement with long- and short-time tests. 23. Strength of cement with long-time sand and neat tests. 24. Requirements of tensile strength for cements... 25, 26. Showing material required for one cubic yard of mortar.. 27. Showing strength of mortar when immersed in salt water. 28. Showing strength of mortar when immersed in and mixed with salt and fresh water... ... 112 29. Showing strength of Portland-cement mortar when immersed in and mixed with salt and fresh water...... 1 112 114 30. Showing strength of mortar when mixed with salt water.. 31-33. Showing effect of freezing and subsequent thawing on mortar. 114, 116 34. Showing effect of freezing and subsequent thawing on concrete cubes 117 |