said and that I am worth the sum of one thousand dollars over and above all my debts and liabilities, including my liabilities as bail, surety, and otherwise, and over and above all my property which is exempt by law from execution. CHAPTER XXIII. TOOLS AND MACHINERY EMPLOYED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF HIGHWAYS. THE implements employed in the construction of highways and pavements are many and varied. A brief description of the principal ones, with current prices, is given in the following pages. The prices stated are only approximate and will vary, depending upon the quantity required and the condition of the market. 1032. Tools for Clearing and Grubbing. 1033. Tools for Grading.-Picks (Fig. 186) are made with solid FIG. 186. GRADING-PICK. wrought-iron eye, pointed with steel; they weigh from 4 to 9 lbs., and cost per dozen from $8.50 to $30.00. Shovels are made in two forms, square and round pointed, usually of pressed steel. They cost from $7 to $13 per dozen for the square-pointed and from $7.25 to $13.50 for the round-pointed. Ploughs are extensively employed in grading, special forms being manufactured for the purpose. They are known as "gradingploughs," "road-ploughs," breaking-ploughs," " township-ploughs," etc. They vary in form according to the kind of work they are intended for, viz., loosening earth, gravel, hardpan, and some of the softer rocks. These ploughs are made of great strength, selected white oak, rock elm, wrought steel and iron being generally used in their construction. The cost of operating ploughs ranges from 2 to 5 cents per cubic yard, depending upon the compactness of the soil. The quantity of material loosened will vary from 2 to 5 cubic yards per hour. Fig. 187 shows the form usually adopted for loosening earth. This plough does not turn the soil, but cuts a furrow about 10 inches wide and of such a depth as it may be regulated for from 6 to 11 inches. In light soils the ploughs are operated by two or four horses, in heavy soils as many as eight are employed. Grading-ploughs vary in weight from 100 to 325 lbs., in price from $22 to $65. Scrapers are generally used to move the material loosened by ploughing; they are made of either iron or steel, and in a variety of forms, and are known by various names, as "drag," "buck," "pole," and "wheeled." The drag-scrapers are usually employed on short hauls, the wheeled on long hauls. Figs. 188 to 191 illustrate some of the more usual forms. Drag-scrapers are made in three sizes. The smallest, for one horse, has a capacity of 3 cubic feet; the others, for two horses, have a capacity of 5 to 7 cubic feet. The smallest weighs about 90 lbs., and the larger ones weigh from 94 to 102 lbs. The price is variable, iron being the cheapest and steel the dearest; the range appears to be from $12 to $18. A recent improvement in drag-scrapers is the furnishing them with runners or a double bottom. These devices prolong the life of the scraper. Fig. 189 shows a drag-scraper furnished with steel Buck-scrapers made in two sizes-two-horse, carrying 7 cubic feet; four-horse, 12 cubic feet. |