TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

PAVEMENTS.

Object of pavements-The qualities essential to a good pavement-The

interests affected in the selection of pavements-Selection of suitable

pavements-Cost of wagon transportation-Cost of railroad transpor-

tation-Effect of reducing the cost of wagon transportation-Problem

involved in the selection of the most suitable pavement-Adaptability

-Desirability-Economic desirability of pavements-Tractive force

required on different pavements-Number of horses required to move

a given load on different pavements-Economy of smoothness-Ser-

viceability-Comparative safety-Observations of Capt. Greene-Ob-

servations of Col. Haywood-Deductions from the observations-Con-

dition of the weather and slipperiness-Cause of the difference in the

observations of Capt. Greene and Col. Haywood-Slipperiness, cure

for-Durability-Causes affecting durability-Durability of different

pavements-Cost of pavements-Cheapest pavement-What a good

pavement should cost-Economy and public bodies-First cost-

Relative economies-Maintenance-Prevailing opinion regarding

pavements—Cleansing-Comparison of pavements with regard to

facility of cleaning-Annual cost for service-Consequential damages

-Disadvantages of dirty and noisy pavements-Gross cost-Traffic

census-Traffic census in the United States-Weights of vehicles-

Form of traffic census-Tonnage-Guaranteeing pavements-Deferred

payments-Justification of contracts for maintenance-Destruction of

pavements-Amount of money wasted in continually opening streets

-European methods

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CHAPTER II.

MATERIALS EMPLOYED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF PAVEMENTS.

Materials employed for paving-Physical and chemical qualities-Break-
ing and crushing tests-Methods of testing durability-Absorptive

.

power-Description of materials-Granite-Syenite-Amount and
value of granite used for street purposes in the United States-Price
of paving-blocks-Various uses of granite-Specific gravity, weight,
and resistance to crushing of various granites-Manufacture of granite
blocks-Sandstone—“ Bluestone"-Commercial names of sandstone
-Analysis of sandstone-Specific gravity, weight, and resistance to
crushing-Amount and value of sandstone used for street purposes in
the United States-Amount and value of bluestone used in 1889-
Limestone-Uses of limestone-Experience with limestone-Specific
gravity, weight, and resistance to crushing-Amount and value of

limestone used in 1889-Trap-rock--Specific gravity, weight, and

resistance to crushing-Asphalt-Bituminous limestone-Manner of

using bituminous limestone-Analysis of European bituminous rocks

-Bituminous sandstones-Manner of using the sandstone in America

-Analyses of California bituminous sandstone-Composition of

American rock asphaltum-Asphaltum-Composition of asphaltum-

Preparation of artificial asphalts-Trinidad asphaltum-Analysis of

Trinidad asphaltum-Properties of Trinidad asphaltum-Prices of

asphaltum-Production of in the United States-Imports of in the

United States-Percentage of the uses of asphaltum-Paving-pitch-

Gas-tar-Brick-Clay-Composition of clay-Quality of clay required

for paving-brick-Manufacture of paving-brick-Analysis of clay-

Characteristics of good paving-brick-Tests of brick-Specific gravity,

weight, and resistance to crushing-Absorptive power of brick-

Wood-Quality of wood-Creosoting-Specific gravity, weight, and

resistance to crushing—Absorptive power of wood-Sand-Use, price,

and weight of-Gravel-Shingle.

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CHAPTER III.

STONE PAVEMENTS.

Early stone pavements-Cobblestone pavement-Belgian block pavement

-Granite-block pavement—Advantages and defects of granite-block

pavements Quality of stone for pavements-Size and shape of the

blocks-Dressing the blocks-Manner of laying the blocks-Gauging

the size of the blocks-Foundation for the blocks-Cushion-coat-

Joint-filling-Bituminous cement-Sandstone-block pavements-

Limestone-block pavements-Pavements on steep grades-Durability

of granite blocks-Wear of granite blocks-Cost of maintaining gran-

ite-block pavements-Method of paying for granite-block pavements

-Number of blocks to the square yard-Cost of construction of gran-

ite-block pavements-Cost of Belgian block pavements-Cost of sand-

stone-block pavements-Cost of cobblestone pavements-Heads of

specifications for granite-block pavements

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CHAPTER IV.

WOOD PAVEMENTS.

Success of in Europe-Failure of in America-Advantages of-Objections

to-Wood pavements and death-rate-Systems of wood pavements—

Size and form of the blocks-Number of blocks per square yard-Es

sentials necessary to successful construction-Foundation for wood

pavements-Chief causes of failure-Quality of the wood-Chemical

treatment of the wood-Dimensions of the blocks-Expansion of

wood blocks-Width of joints-Filling for joints-Durability of

wood pavements-Duration and life of wood pavements in European

and American cities-Wear of wood pavements-Cost of wood pave-

ments-Cost of maintaining wood pavements-Description of various

systems of wood paving-Heads of specifications for wood-block pav-

ing-Maintenance of wood pavements by contract-Specifications for

cedar-block pavements .

CHAPTER V.

ASPHALTUM AND COAL-TAR PAVEMENTS.

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78

Introduction of asphalt-Difference between European and American

asphalt-Advantages of asphalt-Defects of asphalt-Durability of

asphalt-Wear-Cost of construction-Extent of asphalt pavements

in 1890-Cost of maintenance-Foundation-Trinidad asphaltum,

description of, preparation of-Experiments with asphalt pavements

in various cities-Heads of specifications for standard Trinidad

asphaltum pavement--Specification for asphaltum pavements on bitu-

minous base-Maintenance of asphalt pavements by contract-Ber-

mudez asphalt-European asphalt pavements -Bituminous-limestone

pavements in America-Coal-tar pavements-Coal-tar and asphaltum

-Vulcanite pavement-Advantages and defects of coal-tar or distil-

late pavements-Specifications for coal-tar distillate pavements-

Asphalt-block pavements-Cost of asphalt-block pavements-Ameri-

can bituminous-rock pavements-Specifications for-Asphaltum in

America
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CHAPTER VI.

BRICK PAVEMENTS.

Advantages and defects of brick pavements-Durability of-Size and

shape of the bricks-Quality of the bricks-Foundation for-Manner

of laying-Cost of brick pavements-Variety of systems-Heads of

specifications for brick pavement

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CHAPTER VII.

BROKEN-STONE PAVEMENTS.

Introduction of broken-stone pavements-Methods of Tresaguet. Telford,

and Macadam-Modern Telford and Macadam pavements-Defects of

Telford system-Defects of Macadam system—Advantages of broken-

stone pavements-Defects common to all broken-stone pavements—

Essentials requisite to successful construction-Erroneous methods of

construction-Quality of the stone-Size of the stones-Shape of the

stones-Breaking of the stone-Hand-breaking-Cost of breaking by

hand-Amount broken by hand-Stone-crushers-Cost of operating

crushers-Amount of stone broken by crushers-Dimensions, capacity,

etc., of stone-crushers-Cost of quarrying and crushing stone-Voids

in broken stone-Weight of broken stone-Area covered by a cubic

yard of broken stone-Thickness of the broken stone-The New

Jersey and Bridgeport roads-Number of cubic yards of broken

stone required per mile-Spreading the stone-Thickness of the

layers—Binding, necessity of, qualities of—Injurious effects of large

amounts-Practice of the French engineers-Watering-Compacting

the broken stone, by traffic, by horse rollers, by steam rollers-Defects

of traffic consolidation-Advantages of rolling-Defects of horse

rollers-Introduction of steam rollers-Advantages of steam rolling-

Pressure exerted by rollers and by loaded vehicles-Defects of wide

rollers-Objections to picks on steam rollers-Steepest grade on which

a steam roller can be operated-Cost of maintaining steam rollers-

Amount of rolling-Manner of applying the roller-Cost of rolling-

Cost of broken-stone pavements-Difference in cost of broken-stone

pavements in Europe and America-Wear of broken-stone pavements

-Cost of maintaining broken-stone pavements - Specifications of

modern broken-stone roads in England-Methods of construction

adopted in Chicago, in Bridgeport, in St. Louis-Heads of specifica-

tions for broken-stone pavements

CHAPTER VIII.

-

MISCELLANEOUS PAVEMENTS.

Gravel, quality of-Preparing and laying the gravel-Repairing gravel.

roads-Cost of construction-Weight of gravel-Bituminous macadam

-Preparing and laying-Concrete macadam-Stone trackways,

advantages of-Trackways in Italy-Cost of stone trackways—

Jasperite-Artificial-granite blocks-Plank roads-Method of construc-

tion-Life and cost of plank roads-Log roads-Charcoal-Iron-

Blast-furnace slag

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CHAPTER IX.

FOUNDATIONS.

Necessity of foundations-Essentials necessary to the forming of stable

foundations-Influence of the character of the soil-Defects of sand

and plank foundations-Blast-furnace slag as a foundation-material-

Concrete, advantages of-Thickness of the concrete-Quality of the

concrete-Strength of the concrete-Specific gravity of concrete-

Proportions-Determination of voids in the broken stone-Voids in

sand-Quantity of water, some of the usual proportions—Mixing, lay-

ing, and ramming the concrete-Transverse strength of concrete-Com-

pressive strength of concrete-Cost of concrete-Proportions for Port-

land-cement concrete-Limes, characteristics of-Cements, natural and

artificial-Tests of cement-Characteristics of Portland cement-Test-

ing cement-Composition of mortar-Quality and quantity of sand-

Quantity of water-Strength of mortar-Effect of frost on mortar—

Weight of cement-Specifications for concrete-Specifications for the

preparation of the roadbed

CHAPTER X.

RESISTANCE TO TRACTION.

Conditions causing resistance to traction-Want of uniformity of the

surface-Resistance of penetration-Rolling resistance of wheels-

Experiments of M. Dupuit-Friction-Resistance to traction on differ-

ent road-surfaces-Experiments of MM. Dupuit and Morin-Gravity

-Tractive power of horses and gradients-Work done by a horse-

Loss of tractive power on inclines-Effect of inclines on the load a

horse can draw-Steep grades objectionable-Equivalent length of

inclined and level roads-Character of vehicles-Width of tires-Size

of wheels-Effect of wheels

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255

CHAPTER XI.

LOCATION OF COUNTRY ROADS.

Considerations governing location-Principles governing location-Econ-
omy of motive power-Selection of best route-Reconnaissance, object
reconnaissance-Configuration

of Points to be attended to in making

of the country-Ridges and passes-Water-courses and valleys-

Preliminary

the high ground

Streams give the direction of
survey-Data to be obtained on preliminary surveys-Topogra-
phy-Map-Memoir-Levels-Cross-levels-Profile - Bridge sites-

-