became extinct. It is impossible at this late period to find who brought the first seeds and plants to Hawaii. In 1792 Vancouver gave orange plants, a packet of garden seeds, &c., to Kahaumoku, a chief on Hawaii, the father of Kaahumanu.

Coffee plants were introduced by Lord Byron in the "Blonde" in 1825. If the plant had been introduced here before, it had become extinct. These plants were taken on board at Rio Janeiro.

In an agricultural and commercial view, cane and coffee are most important for food, the kalo. Experience has proved thus far that the soil and climate are favorable to the coffee tree, to the growing of cane and manufacture of sugar.

The first enterprise to any extent to start a plantation on these Islands, was undertaken by Mr. John Wilkinson, who came from England under the patrange of Gov. Boki, when Lord Byron in the "Blonde" brought Gov. Boki and his party back to the Islands, and the remains of the King and Queen who died in London.

Mr. Wilkinson had make partial arrangements with Gov. Boki while in England, to be completed here. Manoa valley was selected as an eligible situation, and a suitable soil for a coffee and sugar. plantation. The documents were made out and operations began. Mr. Wilkinson, unfortunately, had but small funds which were soon expended. He began on a large scale-laid out a large garden in a most fanciful and tasteful manner. He commenced operations in July or August 1825. Every kind of farming utensils was wanted-not to be had, to carry on so great an undertaking. Carts, ploughs, hoes, -all were very scarce. Expedients had to be resorted to. The land was mostly prepared by natives with the oɔ or digger, a long and costly process, for a speedy operation. Labor at 25 cents per day soon exhausted the planter's funds. He was sickly, and died March 1827. He had more than one hundred acres of cane growing when he died. Gov. Boki was desirous to save it. Mr. Wm. French, John C. Jones, Esq., John Ebbets and myself took an interest in the plantation. After the first cutting, the plantation dilapidated and wasted away for want of protection. The coffee trees were left to grow without care or attention. Small parcels were picked by the natives, a pound or two at a time. Whether the same trees are still growing I do not know. Alexander Adams planted some slips in Kaliki valley, that produced excellent coffee. Also at. Niu a valley beyond Dia

mond Hill. Rev. Joseph Goodrich introduced coffee plants at Hilo, which grew luxuriantly. There were two kinds, the large white and the dark berry-similar to that now cultivated at Hilo. Some plants were introduced on the west side of Hawaii, which grew and produced largely, demonstrating most clearly that it was well adapted to that part of the island. The plantations of Mr. Charles Titcomb, and Mr. Godfrey Rhodes, on the island of Kauai, give complete evidence that coffee of superior quality grows on that Islands yielding large crops. CATTLE, The first cattle were landed by Capt. Vancouver, from California. He landed first a bull and cow, they were too weak to to stand up; he hired a canoe to take them on shore where they could get grass. The bull died in a few days; the remaining cattle, healthy but thin, were landed at Kealakeakua. The loss of the bull was a misfortune which prevented any increase. He had but one hope. Two of the young cows proved to be with calf, and if one should bring forth a male, the increase might safely be effected. Fortunately his hopes were realized. At the request of Vancouver, Kamehameha tabooed the killing of cattle for ten years-except the males should become too numerous. Then the King might kill for his own, the Queen's and Chiefs' eating.

The women were not allowed to eat of the same animal as the King and chief-they were to have a separate animal. Few cattle were killed until after 1830; they were killed mostly for their hides; they were greatly thinned off, and being so much harrassed, retreated farther up the mountains.

Sheep were also introduced by Vancouver at the same time. He landed one ram, two ewes and one ewe lamb at Kauaelae, presented to Kahaumoku, partly in consequence of his care of the goat and her increase that had been given to him the year before. Also one ram and two ewes were landed at Kealekeakua with the cows. The dogs killed the ewes a few days after they were lauded, for which remorseless murder, the dog was promptly killed.

GOATS-Vancouver left goats on his first visit, but does not say it was their first introduction.

HORSES. I have not been able to find the name of him who introduced the first. It appears two were brought and presented to Kamehameha; the natives say Mr. Manine was in the vessel. Several were brought before 1823. From 1824 to 1838 many cargoes were brought

from California. The horses born and reared on the Islands are superior in all respects to those imported from California,-better limbs, better spirits, and tougher animals. But slight attention has been given to procure good studs, an object that claims the attention of all who are fond of spirited horses.

SWINE. Tradition reports that too hogs, two dogs and two fowls, were landed from a vessel, the officers wore uniforms, cocked hats and swords.

POULTRY.-Turkeys have been introduced within the last thirty years, or if introduced no pains were taken to induce care or attention in rearing. Vessels from China have frequently brought and landed geese, but they have not been able to stock the Islands.

SEEDS.-Garden seeds were introduced before Vancouver by trading vessels. In 1811, the vessel on board of which I was a foremast hand, took beets, turnips, onions, &c. Onions used to be raised of large size and good flavor at Kohala, Hawaii, and at the Island at

Niihau. Green peas have been raised in Nuuanu valley by Wm. Hinckley, at Kalihi, by Alexander Adams. They came up well, but in a day or two, the worms entirely destroyed them.

SQUASHES, melons, &c, grow to great perfection, although not a great variety. Grapes flourish exceedingly well, and would be of excellent flavor if left on the vine until they could perfectly ripen. I dare say you all know by experience that you find many, very many "sour grapes."

FRUIT TREES.-Orange, lemon, lime, citron, shaddock, &c, grow finely. The orange is of two sorts, sour and sweet. The best grows on Hawaii, probably from the stock introduced by Vancouver. On Kauai, at Hanalei, there are some most excellent sweet. The Guava grows profusely on all the Islands. Apple trees grow very well, but do not bear any apples; no doubt they would produce good fruit on the Hawaiian mountains. Let some of the members of the Agricultural Society try the experiment. Good apples would pay. Peach trees grow well. The fruit is small, but of fair flavor.

Implements for farming were not in use till about 1825-6. The natives dug the land with an instrument of oval form, about eight inches long beside the socket, or sometimes a broad chisel. This instrument is called an oo. Carts were introduced about the same time, Jersey

wagons about 1826-7. Household utensils were but very little used till recently. Vancouver presented King Kamehameha with a few articles of kitchen and table utensils. Capt. Benjamin Worth of the ship Catharine, of Boston, in 1801 gave Kaahumanu some white plates; he was ever known by the name of pa-keokeo (white plate.)

OXEN.-These noble animals were used by the missionaries, about 1825-6. Many excellent teams are now in daily use in this city. Several plantations kept from ten to fifteen yoke of good working oxen. Good yokes and good teamsters are much wanted to complete well trained and experienced teams.

INDIGO.-Seed was brought here first in the summer of 1829 by Dr. A. P. Sevier. It was planted on land at Waikiki, belonging to Capt. Wm. Sumner, and grew to the entire satisfaction of Mr. Sevier. He also planted some seed at Pearl River which grew luxuriantly. He manufactured some parcels from the growth at Waikiki, which he thought excellent-showing that Indigo might be cultivated with much success.

POTATOES.-The sweet potato has been cultivated so long that its origin cannot be traced here, at least so far as my inquiries have been made. The Irish potato was but little cultivated until since 1820. The large red potato appears to have been introduced by Capt. Joseph Maughan. He gave some to Gov. Boki, who gave a part to Gov. Hoapili, of Maui, where they flourished, and have been raised in great abundance. They yield better on that Island than on either of the other Islands.

The Mulberry tree was introduced a few years since for the purpose of feeding the silk worm. The trees grew finely, but the silk worms did not thrive.

BENEFITS OF AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS.

BY HENRY M. WHITNEY, Esq.

Agriculture is the soul of a nation-the vital, living part, which gives life and vigor to every branch of industry. A manufacturing or a sea-faring people, may, as a nation, be wealthy; but if deprived,

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by nature or otherwise of agricultural resources, such a nation must be dependent upon others for the means of subsistence, and must be exposed to the constant fluctuations of commerce, and to the disadvan tages which a dependence on foreign productions always creates. Wealthy in one respect, it is poor and dependent in another.

It does not need a dense population or crowded cities, to constitute a wealthy people; but a people, which, after producing enough to supply its home consumption, has still a surplus for export, is wealthy just in proportion to the amount of such export.

The object of the present effort is a noble one,-it is no less than an effort to increase the spirit that creates such wealth,-to give impulse to every measure tending to develop the sources of such wealth, and to unite all who are endeavoring to promote the agricultural prosperity of these Islands. Time is gradually, but sensibly working great and important changes here. It is but a short time since the foreigner, who landed on these islands, found it impossible to obtain the land he desired, so close was the policy of the rulers, except as he might chance to become the recipient of royal favor; and every thing about him tended to impress on him that he was a stranger in a strange land. But now, the foreigner buys his land; and in that land and in its improvement he feels an interest, as well as in the prosperity of all the Islands.

We look over the plains, hill-sides and valleys, and ask by whom are these plains and vallies to be cultivated, what are they best adapted to yield, and what are the probable capacities of these Islands. These are questions that may not be hastily answered, for they need examination and study from us as individuals and as a society.

Every one must own that it is not the hand of native industry that is to change these wastes into vineyards. That may continue still, as for ages past it has done, to till the luxuriant vales, where nature promises and grants her hundred fold to the most indifferent laborers. But the principle ever acted on, and the only one that governs the native producer, is that the supply must not exceed the actual wants for consumption; and to this limit has always been confined the native agriculture, and, so far as can be judged, it will always be confined.

If native industry is never to till these plains, and necessity demands that they be tilled, they must be yielded to the foreigner. It is his industry that will change the face of the land, and turn "the barren