dence in a large number of instances of the ruinous competition among themselves, said to exist at the time of organization because of new men constantly entering the trade and reducing profits; and (3) as a factor affecting the competitive ability of the Japanese engaged in the businesses in which these organizations exist.

SUMMARY.

A general summary of the persons employed for wages in the Japanese establishments for which schedules were taken in Seattle, San Francisco, Sacramento, Los Angeles, and Fresno, shows that of the 679 only 19 were white persons, and of the 660 Japanese all but 10 were males. The earnings of the 10 Japanese women were as follows: $15, but less than $20 per month in 6 cases; $20, but less than $25 in 1 case; and $25, but less than $30 in the remaining 3 cases, with board and lodging in all cases. Twenty-three of the Japanese males were paid at piece rates or on a commission basis. The earnings per month of the remaining 627 are shown in the following tables, those receiving board and lodging, those receiving board only, those receiving lodging only, and those receiving neither board nor lodg ing, in addition to their money earnings, being distinguished:

TABLE 41.-Number of male Japanese employees with each specified amount of earnings per month, with board and lodging, by branch of business.

TABLE 42.-Number of male Japanese employees with each specified amount of earnings per month, with board, by branch of business.

TABLE 43.-Number of male Japanese employees with each specified amount of earnings per month, with lodging, by branch of business.

TABLE 44.-Number of male Japanese employees with each specified amount of earnings per month, without board or lodging, by branch of business.

In view of the remarks made concerning wages in the preceding pages of this report, the details presented in this summary table require no comment, save with regard to the general prevalence of the living in" system among the Japanese. The 10 Japanese women and, including those working at piece rates or on a commission basis, 468 of the 617 Japanese men, received board and lodging; 74, chiefly in the restaurant trade, received board, but not lodging; 10 received lodging, but not board; while 65 received neither board nor lodging, in addition to their money wages.

The table on the next page shows the earnings of 425 Japanese wage-earners in Seattle, San Francisco, Sacramento, Los Angeles, Fresno, and Watsonville for the twelve months ending with the time the schedule in the given case was secured.

TABLE 45.-Yearly carnings (approximate) of male Japanese 18 years of age or over, by months worked.

The larger number of these men were employed in the business establishments investigated in the 6 cities just mentioned, but a smaller number were employed as domestics, as porters, and in other city occupations. The data being for a miscellaneous group, the table may be used properly to show only the large percentage of the Japanese who had been in fairly regular employment during the year, the wide range in the earnings of those employed full time, and the comparatively few whose earnings were as large as those of craftsmen and small shopkeepers from their labor and small capital, as shown in Table 36.

CHAPTER VI.

OTHER ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS.

Certain of the economic phases of Japanese immigration remain to be considered. Among these are the standard of living of the Japanese, the articles entering into their consumption, the relation between their expenditures and incomes, the amount of money sent abroad, the savings retained in this country, the forms in which such savings are invested, and the amount of property they have

accumulated.

The following table presents the data relative to the outlay per month per individual for food and drink ordinarily consumed, in so far as they can be combined and presented in tabular form:

TABLE 46.-Cost of food and drink per month per person of Japanese 2 years of age or over, by occupation and industry.

• Including 35 persons spending: 3, $23.33; 13, $25; 2, $27.50; 11, $30; 1, $35; 1, $40; 1, $45; 2, $50; 1, $60.

In considering the outlay for food and drink, it is necessary to divide the Japanese into groups. The above table presents data. relating to 860 individuals who were engaged in business or were employed by those who were so engaged, or were members of the families of such persons. Inasmuch as the "living-in" system generally obtains in Japanese establishments, the two classes are found in the groups and must be considered together. The data for business men and city wage-earners were obtained from Seattle, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Sacramento, Watsonville, and Fresno. Those engaged in conducting restaurants and other enterprises such that the outlays would not be normal were eliminated from the tabulation. While few of the data have been taken from accounts kept, the estimates are indicative of the wide differences which prevail and the extremes which are found among the Japanese as among

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other races. Of 860 the cost per individual per month, as reported, was less than $6 for 28, $6 but less than $7 for 49, $7 but less than $8 for 83, $8 but less than $9 for 110, $9 but less than $10 for 36, $10 but less than $12 for 192, $12 but less than $14 for 166, and $14 or over for 196. The number of those whose outlay was $12 or over per month was larger among those investigated than the number of those whose outlay was less than $10. As will be noted, the expenditures of some were very much in excess of $14 per month, but most of these boarded at restaurants, and the outlay was for more than the articles constituting their food and drink, which alone are covered by the figures where the group had a table of its own. The average of reported expenditures per month in San Francisco was $11.08; în Sacramento, $8.32.

There are many Japanese in cities who do not live with their employers, but live in boarding houses. The cost of board and lodging at these establishments is a good index to the standard of living. In one boarding house in Los Angeles, practically all of the boarders at which were regularly employed in the city, the charge for board was $9 per month, and for lodging $3.50 to $7 per month. At another the charge for board was $10 per month; for lodging from $3 to $10. These are typical of the boarding houses patronized by the "rank and file" of Japanese. There are, however, many Japanese whose board and lodging is much more expensive. The members of shoemaking and house-cleaning groups in San Francisco may also be used for the purpose of illustration. Twelve groups of house cleaners living with shoemakers and paying for their board and lodging reported the cost at from $12 to $15 per month. It should be added that they usually take turns in preparing the meals.

The data for farmers and farm laborers presented in the table were secured from farmers and relate to them, the members of their families, and such of their employees as were provided with board in addition to wages. The figures are not entirely comparable with the others given, for a large percentage of the farmers produced a part of the food they consumed. A small percentage, it has been seen, keep cows, pigs, and poultry. Though their specialization in commercial farming is extreme, the majority of them have some vegetables and fruit, or both, which are available for home consumption. Hence the figures in the table, representing merely the outlay for goods purchased, do not measure the entire consumption. The cost of the whole would have been materially larger. Of the 855 reported, the cost for each of 54 was less than $6 per month; of 92, $6 but less than $7; of 211, $7 but less than $8; of 73, $8 but less than $9; of 62, $9 but less than $10; of 189, $10 but less than $12; of 96, $12 but less than $14; of 78, $14 or over.

Of much more importance is the cost of food and drink consumed by groups of farm laborers, who embrace a far larger number than the groups of farmers, their families, and employees provided with board. The food is usually prepared for these groups by the members, who work in turn, or by a cook provided by the employer or paid so much per day for each member of the group. The outlay reported by groups of farm laborers in California varied from 23 to 30 cents per day. In other cases, however, they are boarded by