It is interesting to note in this connection, however, that most of the shops conducted by white men have been established in recent years and while the Japanese shops were in process of becoming more numerous. Moreover, the majority of them are being conducted with profit. In the "Japanese quarter," which is not extensively frequented by other races, the Japanese shops in no case draw more than 30 per cent of their customers from among the members of the white races. The profits of the four Japanese shops, from whose proprietors detailed information was obtained, were $540, $600, $700, and $720. Only one of these had more than one "chair," and in that case the only employee was an apprentice working for his board and lodging. (See General Table 44.) a

Baths. The seven baths are conducted in conrection with barber shops and pool rooms. They are patronized by Japanese only, for they are of the foreign type, i. e., with large tubs in which several people bathe before the water is changed.

Laundries. Of the six Japanese laundries, four are "hand" and two are small "steam" laundries. The hand laundries have few while the largest of the steam laundries has but 9 employees. The smaller establishments are patronized by Japanese almost exclusively, while the larger are patronized chiefly by white persons. Eighty per cent of the patrons of the largest laundry are whites, 20 per cent Japanese. Though there are 20 Chinese "hand laundries" in addition to those conducted by the Japanese in the city, there has been little complaint of oriental competition. That the business of both Chinese and Japanese laundries is comparatively small is shown by the fact that five white steam laundries investigated had 227 employees. Moreover, the Japanese laundries with white patrons have practically the same list of prices as the steam laundries conducted by Americans and Italians investigated by the agent of the Commission. A comparison of the "lists" obtained shows as many instances in which the prices charged by the Japanese exceed those charged by the other laundries as the reverse. There is little or no underbidding by the Japanese in the laundry business.

Restaurants. Of the 36 restaurants, 28 are located in the Japanese quarter, serve Japanese meals, and are patronized almost exclusively by members of that race. Seven of these 28 are licensed to sell intoxicating drinks. Most of the restaurants serving American meals are located in the Japanese district and have Japanese and white laborers as their patrons. Of the few located elsewhere, two have white patrons almost exclusively, these being largely of the laboring classes. The price of meals is 10 or 15 cents. The establishments are of the same general character as those conducted by Greeks, Italians, and Slavs in the same localities, and there is no material difference in the prices of meals served. The Chinese restaurateurs are more serious competitors than the Japanese. They conduct four large restaurants in the poorer quarters of the city, charge comparatively low prices, and have many patrons belonging to all races.

• See discussion of organizations, pp. 259 and 260.

The wages paid to cooks, waiters, waitresses, and dishwashers in the Japanese restaurants were found to be somewhat less than those paid in an American, a German, a Danish, and a Slovenian restaurant of the same general type and located in the same sections. Of five Japanese cooks, one was paid $50, one $45, two $40, and one $25 per month. Of four cooks employed in the white restaurants, one was paid $80, two $60, and one $40, while a second cook was paid $25 per month. The Japanese waiters were paid $30, eleven waitresses $25, two $20, and one $18 per month. Of the waiters in the other restaurants, four received $40 and one $32 per month. The dishwashers and kitchen help in the Japanese restaurants investigated were paid $20 per month; in the other restaurants $8 per week or $25 per month. All received board, and the Japanese, except in one case, received lodging in addition to wages. From a comparison of the data presented in the appendix it would appear that the rate of profit on the business transacted is larger in the Japanese restaurants than in the others and that the former are making larger net annual profits.

Hotels and lodging houses.-The keeping of hotels and lodging houses was the first branch of business engaged in by the Japanese in Sacramento, and these are now the most numerous of all the establishments conducted by members of that race in the city. They are located in the Japanese colony and have only Japanese lodgers and boarders. Some of the houses occupied are cottages, while others are two or three story buildings. Almost without exception the buildings are painted and in good repair and the premises are well kept. With very few exceptions the rooms are well furnished, having good beds and clean bedding, including pillow slips, counterpanes, etc., carpets or matting, and other furnishings of good quality. Both the exteriors and interiors of these places are superior in appearance to those conducted by orientals and most other foreign races in other cities investigated. The price of lodging is from 10 cents to 50 cents per night and from $5 to $15 per month. Some of these houses provide meals as well as lodging, the price per meal being 10 or 15 cents, but most frequently the latter sum. The lodging houses, considering the fact that most of the patrons are transient laborers, are orderly and well conducted. A boarding and lodging house keepers' association was established in 1901. Until 1907 all of the proprietors had membership in it. It was reorganized in that year and now has only 17 members of 37 who were eligible. The written agreement among the proprietors effected through this association provides, among other things, that all accounts must be collected in cash; that the association shall deal severely with all irresponsible patrons, and shall publish the names of patrons who have been guilty of dishonesty or misconduct; that each proprietor shall see that there is no disturbance after 11 p. m., and that patrons have returned to the house by that time. To prevent undue competition the association has also regulated prices.

The

Tailor shops.-The six Japanese tailor shops are all small, and most of them do little more than clean, dye, and press clothes. price charged for pressing men's suits is 75 cents, which is the customary rate in the part of the city in which these shops are located.

The majority of their patrons are Japanese, though 50 per cent of the patrons of one of the shops are white. A large percentage of the Japanese purchase tailor-made suits. Until comparatively recent years these were made at white shops. Doubtless the majority are still made by white tailors, but some of this trade has been lost to the rival Japanese shops. Only one tailor (near two Japanese shops) was found, however, who had had so large a percentage of Japanese among his patrons that the partial withdrawal of that patronage had caused him serious loss. Where he had previously made four or five suits of clothes per week for men of that race, he now makes but one or two per month.

Men's furnishing stores. Within the past few years the Japanese have engaged also in the men's furnishing business. At present there are nine establishments. These all carry small stocks of goods, chiefly of "American," i. e., non-Japanese, origin. The capital employed is in no case in excess of $5,000 and the annual transactions of the largest of the nine amount to only $8,000. With one exception, they are located in the Japanese quarter and have only a small percentage of white patrons. Seventy per cent of the patrons of the one store located outside of the Japanese quarter are white persons; their purchases aggregate between $5,500 and $6,000 per year. On the whole, however, the trade of the white persons at these stores is not of great importance. On the other hand, the partial withdrawal of Japanese trade from stores conducted by white persons has seriously affected the business of a few located within two or three blocks of the Japanese colony. The Japanese usually purchase American articles of dress which are of good quality, and before they engaged in this line of business their purchases at some of the American stores were an important factor in the business transacted. With the establishment of stores by their countrymen, however, the larger part of their patronage has been transferred to them. The proprietor of an American shop states that this has reduced the amount of his business by one-half. Others have been less seriously affected.

Grocery stores.-The most important branch of retail trade engaged in by the Japanese in Sacramento is the sale of groceries and supplies. The first store of this kind was established as early as 1893. The number has gradually increased, until it is now 12. These are all located in the Japanese quarter. Some of them are very small, while two are large, as compared with groceries conducted by other races. The smallest has a stock of goods valued at $1,000, and its annual transactions amount to $1,700. The largest, conducted by a corporation, has a stock valued at $60,000, and its annual transactions aggregate $120,000. Five of the 12 stores were investigated. All carried stocks of American as well as of Japanese goods, the percentage of the latter varying from 50 to 70. All have both white and Japanese customers. Many of the latter are farmers and laborers about Newcastle, Florin, the several towns along the Sacramento River, and elsewhere. This trade is an important part of the whole, for the "bosses" buy supplies in large quantities for the men who work under their control. Among the city customers, however, are many white people who buy at the Japanese stores because they sell some of their goods at lower prices than do their white competitors.

The situation is very well indicated for the five stores from which detailed data were secured by the following table:

TABLE 5. Data for five grocery stores conducted by Japanese in Sacramento, Cal., June, 1909.

An agent of the Commission secured data also from 5 grocery stores conducted by white men, 1 in and the other 4 within a block of the "Japanese quarter." Two of these were conducted by native Americans, 1 by a German, 1 by a French-Swiss, and 1 by a Greek. All were comparatively small stores, the stock of the Greek being valued at $300 or $400, the largest stock of the other 4 at $6,500. Their annual transactions varied from $1,500 to $20,000. Japanese were reported as purchasing at only 1 of these the 1 in the midst of the Japanese colony-and in that case infrequently. All of the proprietors complain of Japanese competition. The stores conducted by that race, it is conceded by purchasers as by all others, sell at lower prices, but how much the average difference in prices is it is impossible to estimate, because of the difference in brands of goods and of the numerousness of the articles carried in stock. chief disadvantage under which the white grocers were found to labor was, however, that their business is almost entirely local in character, and with the influx of the Japanese most of the white people have moved elsewhere. Two of these grocers had been engaged in business many years and since becoming established in their present locations the character of the population had almost completely changed.

The

The Japanese stores investigated employed 10 persons, while those conducted by members of other races had 15 persons engaged as clerks and drivers, the latter also serving as clerks when not delivering goods to the houses of purchasers. In comparing wages, the fact that all of the Japanese employees receive board and lodging in addition to wages, while the others do not, must be taken into consideration. Of the 10 male Japanese employees, 2 were paid $40 per month, 2 $35, while the remaining 6 earned between $30 and $25. Of the 13 males employed by the proprietors of the "white stores," none received less than $50. The 2 women employed were paid $52 and $40 per month, respectively.

Other stores.-The Japanese, as is indicated by Table 4, page 250, have a variety of other stores and shops, including 1 dry goods, 2 drug, 4 jewelry and watch repairing, 1 curio, 2 books and stationery, and 1 shoe store, 3 fish markets (1 dealing in vegetables also), 1

cigar and 4 confection "stands." All of those investigated had been established since 1904 and most of them in 1907 or 1908. They are all small shops, are located in the "Japanese quarter," and are patronized chiefly by members of the Japanese colony. The establishments for which data are presented in the tables in the appendix are typical of the larger numbers—a fish market with a capital of $1,400 and two-thirds of its patrons Japanese; a confectionery shop, capital $1,300, 80 per cent of its patrons Japanese; a cigar stand, capital $300, 60 per cent of its patrons Japanese; a dry goods store, capital $4,000, 80 per cent of its patrons Japanese; a shoe store, capital $1,500, 70 per cent of its patrons Japanese; a drug store, capital $500, 100 per cent of its patrons Japanese; and a watch and jewelry store, capital $2,400, 50 per cent of its patrons Japanese. Besides the shoe store, in which repairing is also done, there are two cobblers' shops. These are located outside of the "Japanese quarter," charge lower prices than the cobblers of other races, and have a large patronage, drawn almost entirely from white persons.

Employment and real estate agencies.-The employment agencies are connected with stores or, more frequently, with a real estate brokerage business. The employment agents provide Japanese laborers for all kinds of work. The commissions ordinarily collected from those who obtain employment through them are 10 per cent of the first month's wages of domestics, 5 per cent of the first month's wages of railroad laborers, and 50 cents each for farm hands.

The real estate agents serve as intermediaries between Japanese tenants and white real estate agents. The Japanese establishments frequently change location and new ones have been rapidly opened, so that there is much demand for the services of these men. The commission charged is 5 per cent of the consideration involved in the transaction.

Places of amusement. The places of amusement conducted by Japanese are 1 moving-picture show and 15 pool rooms. The moving-picture show is of the usual American type, but frequently serves as a Japanese theater. A white woman is employed in the box office and about half of the patrons are white persons, chiefly those living in the poorer part of the city surrounding the Japanese colony. The pool rooms are patronized almost entirely by Japanese, though a few have white patrons, chiefly Italians and Greeks. No complaint of Japanese competition was found except that made by the proprietor of a Greek pool room located near several Japanese establishments. He had been compelled to reduce his to the more popular prices charged by his neighbors in order to retain his patronage.

Photograph_galleries. Of the 3 photograph galleries, 2 were investigated. Each of the proprietors had 1 assistant, and the annual transactions amounted to $3,000 in each case. Seventy per cent of the patrons of one and 25 per cent of those of the other were white persons.

Other branches of business.-The Japanese bank has only 6 or 7 white depositors, and these are Greeks. It finances Japanese enterprises and serves as a savings institution and as agent in sending money abroad. It was organized in 1906 and has a capital in excess of $65,000.