cient English and accumulated enough capital to engage in business on their own account. In many cases they were aided by entering partnerships and by securing loans from personal friends and credit in various forms. Taking 57 from whom sufficient data were obtained relative to the length of time they had lived in this country before engaging in business on their own account, 6 began at once, 16 more after working for wages less than one year, 9 others after working for wages less than two years, 8 others after working for wages less than three years, 8 others after working for wages less than four years, and the remaining 10 after working for wages from four to ten years.

A comparison of occupations abroad and present business in the United States throws some light upon the matter in hand. Of 57 business men, 19 are found to be engaged in the same business as abroad or in a related business, 30 in entirely unrelated business, while 8 had had no occupation previous to coming to this country. Among 17 storekeepers, all but 4 are engaged in the same or in a business related to that engaged in abroad. Two tailors and 1 carpenter were engaged in the same trades abroad. So, too, was 1 of 4 labor agents. Practically all of the others are engaged in entirely unrelated business or had had no occupation before coming to this country. For example, of 7 restaurant keepers, 5 had been engaged in farm work, 1 had been an actor, and 1 a blacksmith abroad. A shoemaker had been a grocer, a watchmaker a farmer, a photographer a lumber dealer, a laundry proprietor a farmer. It is evident that the minority of the business men have soon engaged in business of the same type as that in which they had been trained abroad, while the majority availed themselves of the opportunities presented to engage in business in which they had had no previous experience.

The primary motive for immigrating to the United States has been to make money. How well these men have succeeded is shown by the property they have acquired. As already stated, many had only small sums of money upon their arrival. Three of 74 now have a net indebtedness outstanding against them. Of the other 71, 5 have property, after indebtedness is allowed for, worth between $100 and $250; 13, between $250 and $500; 13, between $500 and $1,000; 14, between $1,000 and $1,500; 12, between $1,500 and $2,500; 7, between $2,500 and $5,000; 4, between $5,000 and $10,000; 2, between $10,000 and $25,000; and 1, more than $25,000. Of the 25 who have been in the United States for ten years or over, 2 are in debt; 4 have between $250 and $500; 2, between $500 and $1,000; 4, between $1,000 and $1,500; 7, between $1,500 and $2,500; 2, between $2,500 and $5,000; 1, between $5,000 and $10,000; 2, between $10,000 and $25,000; and 1, more than $25,000. Of 49 who have been in this country less than ten years, 1 is in debt; 5 have between $100 and $250; 9, between $250 and $500; 11, between $500 and $1,000; 10, between $1,000 and $1,500; 5, between $1,500 and $2,500; 5, between $2,500 and $5,000; and 3, between $5,000 and $10,000. (General Table 47.) On the whole, these men have been successful, some of them very successful, in making money. Of course others, though not a large number, have been unsuccessful and have fallen back into the wage-earning class.

The gross value of property controlled by these 74 Japanese was $210,360; the indebtedness, $55,939; the net amount, $154,421; or an average of $2,086.77 per man. Thirty-eight, or slightly more than one-half of the total number, were in debt in sums varying from $50 to $9,000. (General Table 50.)

The profits realized in the 55 establishments investigated are shown in General Table 44. These have little significance, however, aside from the amount of capital invested and the amount of labor done by the proprietor or proprietors and others who do not receive wages. The annual incomes of the 63 men in business for the entire twelve months just preceding the time of the investigation, from the main or sole line of business engaged in, are shown in General Table 64. The average net income from this source was $1,124.13 for the twelve months. The extremes were $180 and $4,700. Of the 63, 7, or one-ninth, had net incomes of less than $500, 20, or almost one-third, between $500 and $750, 6 between $750 and $1,000, 16 between $1,000 and $1,500, 8 between $1,500 and $2,000, 4 between $2,000 and $2,500, and 2, $4,700 each. Of course the incomes derived from different branches of business differ greatly. The incomes of 5 proprietors of barber shops varied between $180 as a minimum and $720 as a maximum and averaged $492. Those of the proprietors of three small tailor shops varied between $700 and $1,000 and averaged $800. The minimum income of 8 boarding-house keepers was $600, the maximum $1,704, the average $937.50. The income of 7 restaurant proprietors varied between $240 and $1,800 and averaged $1,060. The corresponding figures for 16 storekeepers were $300, $4,700, and $1,553.75, respectively. The two laundry proprietors had net incomes from their laundry business of $1,200 each. The incomes of 5 real estate and labor agents varied between $700 and $1,200 and averaged $1,020. Though some of these incomes are comparatively small, as a whole they are in strong contrast to the incomes which might be made by the Japanese as wage-earners in any occupations open to them in this country. As already stated, the net incomes shown in General Table 64 are those from the main or sole business conducted. Some of these men, however, have other lines of business, while others have other sources of income. Four were also engaged in subsidiary lines of business from which they earned $1,780, 2 received dividends on stocks amounting to $80, and 11 received $5,401 from real estate leased for business purposes but in part subleased to others. Moreover, the wives of 4 of these men had outside interests or employments from which they earned $1,258.

The surplus and deficit of 69 of these men for the year 1908, after living and incidental expenses incurred by them and their families in this country were met, are shown in General Table 48. Nine had neither surplus nor deficit for the year, 7 incurred a deficit, while 53 had a surplus. The amount of deficit varied from $20 to $500, aggregated $1,645, and averaged $236.29 per man. The surplus of 53 reporting the amounts varied from $50 to $3,000, aggregated $35,706, and averaged $673.70 per man. Of 60 reporting the amount of surplus or deficit for the year 43 had a surplus of $250 or more, 26 of these of $500 or more, 11 of $1,000 or more, and 2 of more than $2,500 (General Table 49.)

Twenty-nine of 77 business men sent money abroad during the year 1908. The total amount sent was $9,346, or an average of $322.28 for each man sending money to Japan. Of the total amount sent $1,580 was for safe-keeping or investment, the remainder for use by their families or relatives. As against this $9,346 sent abroad $27,120 was retained in the United States. Of this total $1,150 was invested by 3 men in farm land, $350 in city real estate, $1,735 was used to pay debts earlier incurred, $7,260 added by 11 to the capital employed in the business conducted, $11,380 was deposited in the bank, and $5,245 otherwise invested, loaned to friends, or in hand.

PERSONAL DATA RELATING TO EMPLOYEES OF JAPANESE BUSINESS MEN.

Data relating to the same points as covered by the investigation of business men were secured from only 25 of their employees. Though the number is too small for statistical purposes, some of the data are indicative of the differences and similarities between them and their employers.

As regards length of time in the United States, the employees have come more recently, as indicated by the fact that only 3 of them had been in the United States as long as ten years and none of them as long as fifteen years. (General Table 55.) They came from the same classes. Only 4 were 30 years of age or over, and only 7 others were 25 years of age or over at the time they arrived in the continental United States. Four came from Hawaii. Of the others, 3 had engaged in business on their own account, 6 had been working for their fathers on the farm, 3 had been wage-earners in city trades, 1 had been store help, while 7 had had no occupation in Japan. (General Table 46.) Only 3 had as much as $150 upon their arrival in the United States (General Table 45) and all became wageearners in this country. Like the majority of the men engaged in business, the majority of them engaged in occupations controlled by Japanese labor agents. Eight were first employed as farm hands, 7 as domestics, and 4 as railroad laborers, while the remaining 6 found employment in other occupations. (General Table 46.)

The rates of wages in different occupations have been noted earlier in this report. The number of months employed and the earnings in 1908, without reference to the various occupations in which the men were engaged, are shown in General Table 65. All but one man had been employed at least ten months, and 18 had been employed twelve months during the year. The yearly earnings of 13, with board and lodging, varied from $250 to $1,800. The earnings of 12, without board, but usually with lodging, from $270 to $1,200. The median earnings for the two groups were $350 and $400, respectively. Of 23 reporting, 4 had neither surplus nor deficit for the year, while 19 had a surplus varying from $50 to $550. The average amount was $245.53, the median $250. (General Tables 48 and 49.) Both incomes and surplus are very much less than those reported for men engaged in business on their own accounts. In this fact is found one reason why many have been eager to engage in business for themselves. A larger percentage of the employees sent money abroad during the year, but in smaller sums, the total amount sent by 14 being $1,845, or an average of $131.78 each, as against $322.28 sent by proprietors.

Of this amount sent, $70 was deposited in banks, $200 invested in land, while the remainder was for the use of parents and other relatives. As against this, $3,260 was retained in the United States, $630 being loaned, $500 used for paying debts earlier incurred in business ventures, and the remainder $2,130-deposited in the bank or in hand. A larger percentage of the gains were sent abroad by the employees than by their employers.

As would be expected, because of difference in economic status, incomes, and disposition of their gains, the employees have much less property than the business men as a class. The average amount of property of the business men, indebtedness deducted, was $2,086.77. Of the 25 employees, 4 had no property, 10 less than $250, 9 had $250 but less than $500, while 2 had $500 and $800, respectively. The average amount was $232. (General Tables 47 and 50.)

SOCIOLOGICAL DATA.

Personal data relating to 173 Japanese and Japanese-Americans and general data relating to Japanese social, educational, and religious institutions in Scramento were obtained.

Of the 173 persons, 25 were male wage-earners, 148 were business men and the members of their families in the United States. Of this latter number, 37 were children under 16 years of age. There were 36 females 16 years of age or over, 34 of whom were the wives of business men, one a widow, and one a single woman. There were

100 males 16 years of age or over, 75 of whom were members of the business class, 25 of the wage-earning class. Of the former, 42 were married, one widowed, and 32 single; of the latter, 4 were married and 21 single. Thirty-four of the wives of the business men lived with their husbands, two lived elsewhere in the United States, and six abroad. The four wives of wage-earners had all remained in their native land. (General Tables 51, 52, 53, and 54.) Of the 42 business men, 13 have married in the United States, 6 have returned to Japan and married there, while 21 were married in Japan before migrating to the United States. Ten of the last-mentioned number brought their wives with them when they immigrated to this country, while the other wives residing in this country have joined their husbands more recently after they had become established in business and could make suitable provision for them. (General Table 53.)

As is indicated by the presence of six-sevenths of the wives of the Japanese business men, many of them expect to remain long, if not permanently, in the United States. Of the 75 from whom data were secured, 31 stated that they expect to reside here permanently, 30 that they expect sooner or later to return to their native land, while the remaining 14 are in doubt as to what they will eventually do. A much smaller percentage of the wage-earners-most of whom are younger, have been in this country for a shorter time and are unmarried on the other hand, have decided to become permanent residents of the United States. Of the 25, 6 expect to do so, 15 to return to Japan, while 4 are in doubt. These answers of course are not

a Place of marriage of two whose wives are now in the United States was not ascertained.

to be accepted as having any degree of finality, but as merely indicating the probability of a large number permanently settling in this country.

Few of the Japanese families occupy houses or cottages used only as residences. The vast majority of the business men, their families and employees live in the structures used for business purposes. A much smaller number live at lodging houses. The character of the tenements occupied in connection with the business conducted and of the lodging houses has been discussed earlier in this report. Their method of living is in striking contrast to that of the natives and well-assimilated immigrants with families, but not unlike that of the Chinese, Greeks, and other foreign-born races who engage in trade or are single men and have not as yet been assimilated.

The cost of food and drink was ascertained for 52 Japanese groups, containing 92 members. Proprietors of restaurants, lodging houses, or other business in which the cost of food and drink either could not be easily segregated or estimated with a fair degree of accuracy, together with the members of their households, have been eliminated from the computation. The cost per person was estimated as less than $6 per month by 9, $6 but less than $7 by 11, $7 but less than $8 by 14, $8 but less than $9 by 9, $9 but less than $10 by 9, $10 but less than $12 by 17, $12 but less than $14 by 3, and $14 or over by 20. The average cost for the men, women, and children 2 years of age or over was $8.32 each.

All but 3 of the 76 business men, 31 of the 36 women who were members of their households, and all of the 25 wage-earners were literate. Thus 129, or 93 per cent, of the 137 Japanese immigrants from whom data were obtained were literate. (General Table 59.)

Seventy-five of 76 males (over 14 years of age) engaged in business can speak English. So can 23 of 25 persons employed by them from whom information was obtained. In many cases this knowledge of English has been gained by attending classes or mission night schools in this country. Several, however, have belonged to the "student class" and have acquired a knowledge of our language by attending other institutions of learning. Less than one-half of the women and foreign-born girls, on the other hand, can speak English. Of 24 who have been in this country less than five years, 11 speak English; of 12 who have been here from five to nine years, 6; of 2 who have been here ten years or over, neither speak English. This difference between the sexes is explained partly by the difference in the length of time they have resided in this country, but chiefly by the fact that the females have seldom been members of classes for the study of English and have not come into contact with persons of other races to the same extent as the members of the male sex. (General Tables 58 and 62.)

As would be expected, a very much smaller percentage of the Japanese read and write than speak English. Yet of 76 business men, 42 can both read and write the language. So can 14 of the 25 employees from whom data were secured. Thus of 101 Japanese men, 98 can speak and 56 can read and write English. The women again stand in contrast, for while 15 of 36 can speak only 3, or 1 in 12, can read and write the English language. (General Table 62.)