The families of Japanese investigated had few children of school age. (General Table 63.) Fifteen of the 47 a married men had no offspring. This large percentage of families without children is accounted for partly by the fact that a few of the marriages took place only a year or two ago, but chiefly by the fact that most of the Japanese in this country have not been leading a normal family life. Many of the husbands and wives have been separated for years, and a large percentage of the latter have been gainfully employed. The remaining 32 families had 70 offspring all told. Of these, 37 were in the United States, and of these all but 5 were native-born. Sixteen were in Japan with their mothers, 2 were married and abroad, while 13 had been left by their parents with relatives in Japan to be educated. Few of the Japanese bring their children with them to this country; the majority of their offspring born abroad are left with their grandparents or other relatives to receive their schooling before they leave their native land. The foreign-born and the nativeborn of school age and many of the older girls in this country, however, attend the public schools. The Japanese accept the educational opportunities offered and the children are regular in their attendance. All of the public schools of Sacramento are freely open to Japanese children of school age. At the time of the agent's investigation, 64 Japanese all told were attending the different educational institutions of the city. Forty-six of these (34 males and 12 females, ranging from 7 to 13 years of age) were attending the Lincoln Primary School. Eight more were attending the Chinese department of the same school. These 8 were all males ranging from 16 to 22 years of age. Six males from 12 to 22 years of age were at the Harkness Grammar School, while 1 male of 17 was attending the Sacramento Grammar School. Two males aged 18 and 20, respectively, were attending the Sacramento High School. Finally, 1 male, 4 years of age, was attending the kindergarten at the Lincoln school mentioned above.

That nearly all of these students attend the Lincoln Primary School is explained by the fact that it is located very close to the "Japanese quarter," and that the Japanese maintain a supplementary school close to the Lincoln School-a school to which these Japanese pupils repair for further instruction at the close of the regular school day at 3 p. m. That only 2 Japanese are attending the Sacramento High School is due largely to the fact that those who attend high school usually go to some place near a university, and chiefly San Francisco. The Lincoln School maintains a Chinese department in which are found those students who attend school more or less irregularly or who are too old for the regular primary grades and those who do not have a sufficient knowledge of English to attend the regular grammar grades and the high school.

The Japanese supplementary school, referred to above, is conducted by the Buddhist Mission. It is supported by the mission board and the Buddhist churches in Japan. However, it is not intended to give religious instruction. These children are taught Japanese history and geography and to read and write the language of their parents.

Some of the children at the supplementary school are boarders, while others come from their homes in Sacramento. All of the

• Including 1 man whose wife had died.

children go to the public school during the regular hours and then the supplementary school from 3 to 5 p. m. Those who do not board pay 50 cents per month tuition, while the 27 who do board at the school pay this tuition fee and $7.50 per month for their maintenance. In connection with this school it is interesting to note that of the 27 boarding pupils, 16 were born in Hawaii and 11 in Japan. Moreover, the interest of the Japanese in the education of their children, especially in their native language and history, is indicated by the fact that 9 of these boarders are children of farmers leasing about Florin, Acampo, Isleton, Courtland, Wheatland, and Oak Park; one is the son of a Stockton grocer and another the son of a Marysville restaurant keeper. The remaining 16 are the children of scattered farm hands employed in various localities.

Something should be said, too, concerning the classes conducted for teaching English to adult males. There are four of these. They are conducted by the Buddhist Mission, the Episcopal Mission, the Methodist Mission, and the Independent Mission. These classes are for the teaching of English to adult males exclusively, and most of these men belong to the laboring classes. Some of the teachers are Americans, while some are Japanese. It was found nccessary for them to work together in order to get good results. English is taught to these adults by instructing them in reading, grammar, composition, and conversation. Each of these evening schools has from 20 to 30 pupils during the winter sessions. At the time of the investigation the work had closed in all of the schools save that conducted by the Buddhist Mission.

Closely related to the matters just discussed is that of newspapers and periodicals taken by the Japanese. These are also indicative of the standard of living and culture and of the interests of the members of this race. Of 56 households from which data were obtained all but one subscribed for one or more publications. Six subscribed for 1 publication only, 7 for 2, 9 for 3, 17 for 4, 6 for 5, 5 for 6, 3 for 7, 1 for 9, and 1 for 10. Eighteen, or slightly less than one-third of the entire number, subscribed for publications in English, while all but one (exclusive of the one with no publication) had one or more publications in their native language. A large number of subscribers are found for the Japanese paper locally published and the four published in San Francisco, a small number for the local papers printed in English and magazines published in Japan, and a few for such weeklies as Collier's.

The Japanese investigated were found to have membership in a great variety of organizations-most of them exclusively Japanese in membership. Their trade organizations have already been discussed. They have four missions the Buddhist, Methodist, the Christian, and the Independent. Thirty-five of 101 males were members of some one of these. Of the 35 all but 5 were Buddhists. Fortynine of the 101 are members of the Japanese Association of America-most of them of the Sacramento branch. Twenty-six are members of prefectural societies. Eight of these were represented, which shows that these immigrants had come from many different provinces of Japan. Through the Japanese Association and the various prefectural societies the Japanese further the general interests of their

race and care for those who may be in need of assistance. Eight of the 101 men from whom data were collected were members of a university or students' club-a fact indicative of the large percentage of educated men found among the Japanese of the business class. One man was a member of an association for industrial conciliation. Finally, three were members of the Sacramento Grocers' Union-a general organization of the large grocers of the citywhile an equal number were members of the chamber of commerce. Aside from the last three instances and the students' organizations, in so far as was ascertained, the Japanese are not members of organizations having white persons as members. They are not admitted to membership in American fraternal organizations.

CHAPTER V.

JAPANESE IN CITY EMPLOYMENTS AND BUSINESS IN WASHINGTON, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SEATTLE.

[For General Tables, see pp. 382 to 395.]

JAPANESE IN CITIES OTHER THAN SEATTLE.

To supply the needs of their countrymen, Japanese tradesmen, using the term in a broad sense, are found in all of the cities and towns in or near which Japanese find employment. In many of these places some Japanese conduct business for "white trade" as well, while others engage in domestic and personal service. First in point of development and importance are those in Seattle. Because of that fact an intensive study of the work and business of the Japanese was made in that city. Before presenting the results of the study, however, something should be said of these matters in cities of less importance.

Tacoma was formerly the headquarters for many railroad laborers and sawmill hands. The Japanese consulate was also located there from 1895 to 1899, when it was removed to Seattle. These facts caused Tacoma to be an important place from which Japanese goods were supplied to Japanese laborers who used imported goods almost exclusively. In that city many of the Japanese laborers were provided with shelter, food, and amusements while not at work on the railroads or elsewhere. Finally, the offices of a few professional men supplying the needs of Japanese were located there. It was not until recent years, however, that any special attention was given to the American trade. Nor has Japanese business of this kind, save that of the restaurants serving American meals, laundries, tailor shops, and barber shops, assumed much importance. The number of establishments conducted by Japanese in 1905 and 1909 are shown in the table below (Table 6). It has been impossible to get accurate figures for any earlier year.

Table 6.—Number of establishments in Tacoma, Wash., conducted by Japanese in 1905-1909.