all classes of students; and it is believed that such a course would be productive of the greatest good. Not only is this practical education useful to the young engineer; it is also useful to the metallurgist and manufacturing chemist, to the teacher of sciences who has occasion to improvise apparatus, to the lawyer making a specialty of patent law. In no walk of life will such a practical training as may be acquired in the mechanical laboratory come amiss.

In 1881-285 the regents went to the legislature, asking for an appropriation of $25,000 for new and larger buildings and equipment and $4,000 additional for salaries of instructors.

Owing to a similar request on the part of the agricultural college, which had concluded to establish a similar department, the sum asked for was cut down to $15,000 for building and equipment and $1,000 for instructors' salary. With this sum a suitable building, with two stories above the basement, 40 by 80 feet, was erected and partially equipped. The old wooden carpenter shop, loaned by the regents, was removed, its machinery being transferred to the new building. This gave a wood room 40 feet by 80 feet, an iron room 40 feet by 80 feet, a a large pattern and lumber loft, and a roomy basement, the forge shop and foundry remaining unchanged. The equipment receiving but little increase, however, left the capacity of the laboratory about the same as before. At this time a skilled machinist was employed to give instruction in iron work, making three instructors in shop work. The name was changed from mechanical laboratory to engineering labora tory to avoid confusion with the similar departmement at the Agricultural College, and also because the laboratory was for the benefit of all classes of engineers, not being confined to one class alone. Further, it was designed to have the term embrace the various shops, and also a department of investigation or experiments, which properly would be a mechanical laboratory.

In 1886-'87 the legislature made an appropriation of $16,000, with which to complete the engineering laboratory according to the original plans, which had been made in full two years before, and to provide additional equipment; but owing to labor troubles and increase in cost of materials and building the sum was found insufficient. It was found possible, however, to finish all except a portion of the central wing and to add somewhat to the equipment. The additions comprised a forge and foundry building of one story 32 by 80 feet, and a central building of two stories above a basement, connecting the two wings, 34 by 54 feet. A tower contains an iron tank of 100 barrels capacity at an elevation of 75 feet for hydraulic experiments.

The forge shop, 30 by 40 feet, now contains 12 forges with anvils. and complete sets of tools, supplied by power blast, the smoke being removed by an exhaust fan. The foundry, 30 by 40 feet, contains an 18-inch by 6-foot cupola, two brass furnaces, a core oven, and a hydraulic elevator. Provision has been made for a larger cupola and a

traveling crane. The central building contains a basement for storage purposes; the first floor contains a large washroom with lockers, clos ets, engine room with a 50-horse-power Reynold's Corliss engine, and superintendent's office; the second floor contains well-lighted drawingrooms and a blue-print room.

With the $9,500 appropriated in 1888-'89 the laboratory has been finished and is now receiving additional equipment.

An instructor in forging has been added, so that now in addition to the superintendent there is a skilled mechanic in each of the four shops. The capacity of each of the shops is approximately as follows:

The experimental or mechanical laboratory is being fitted up with special reference to steam engineering, hydraulic and pneumatic work, and to tests of various kinds of machinery for capacity and efficiency. Standard instruments are being provided, so that the university may possess the means of correcting any apparatus sent to it for that purpose. Manufacturers have been most liberal in making the university donations, the total now received aggregating some $7,000 or $8,000, or nearly $1,000 per year for this department alone.

Although considerable space has been devoted to the laboratory, it must not be in ferred that the theoretical work is sacrificed to the prac tical work. The laboratory courses constitute only one portion of the engineer's education as received in the university, as will appear from an inspection of the technical courses as offered in the calendar.

Lectures on naval architecture were given the second semester of the first two years, but owing to a greater demand in other directions were dropped for the next four years. They were again taken up the first semester of 1888, and with the addition of a course on shipbuilding and one on marine engines are now offered regularly in the university as an alternative part of the work leading to the degree of B. S. in mechanical engineering.

Summary of students in attendance at the University of Michigan from its organization to the present time.

CHAPTER XI.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Michigan, by Thomas M. Cooley, Boston, Houghton, M., & Co., “Ameri

can Commonwealth."

Outlines of Political History of Michigan, by James V. Campbell.
History of Detroit and Michigan, by Silas Farmer.

Early History of Michigan, by Mrs. Sheldon.

Michigan Pioneer Collection, especially centennial volume, which con. tains address on the university, by President Angell, and article by Principal Sill on Normal School.

History and Management of Land Grants for Education in the Northwest Territory, by George W. Knight, PH. D., Papers of Amer. Hist. Assoc., vol. I, New York, Putnam's Sons, 1885.

History of University of Michigan, by Elizabeth M. Farrand. Ann Arbor, 1885.

Historical Sketch of the University of Michigan, by Charles Kendall Adams. Ann Arbor, 1876.

An article on the University of Michigan, by Moses Coit Tyler, in Scribner's Magazine, 1876.

American State Universities and the University of Michigan, by Andrew Ten Brook. Cincinnati, 1875.

The Semi-Centennial Celebration of the Organization of the University of Michigan, June 26–30, 1887; Ann Arbor, 1888.

The University of Michigan: A historical and descriptive account, by Charles Mills Gayley, in "Descriptive America." August, 1884. The University of Michigan, by Calvin Thomas, in the Western Magazine, June, 1880.

University of Michigan, by C. W. Butterfield, Magazine of Western History, December, 1886.

Memorial addresses, delivered in University Hall, by Henry S. Frieze, Charles K. Adams, Alexander Winchell, Thomas M. Cooley, Ann Arbor, 1882.

School Laws and School Funds of Michigan, John M. Gregory, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Lansing, 1859.

Memorial address on Henry S. Frieze, by President Angell.

A sketch of the life of Henry S. Frieze in Palladium for 1885.

A short history of the University of Michigan by Calvin Thomas, Palladium, 1887.