and at Plymouth is, that at the latter place they connect the tin pipes by a cement of white lead. A certain depth of water is necessary for safety, which should not be less than from eight to ten feet.

Chinese method of propagating Fruit Trees by Abscission.-The Chinese, instead of raising fruit trees from seeds, or from grafts, as is the custom in Europe, have adopted the following method of increasing them :

They select a tree of that species which they wish to propagate, and fix upon such a branch as will least injure or disfigure the tree by its removal. Round the branch, and as near as they can conveniently to its junction with the trunk, they wind a rope, made of straw, besmeared with cow-dung, until a ball is formed five or six times the diameter of the branch. This is intended as a bed into which the young roots may shoot. Having performed this part of the operation, they immediately, under the ball, divide the bark down to the wood for nearly two-thirds of the circumference of the branch. A cocoa-nut shell, or small pot, is then hung over the ball, with a hole in its bottom, so small, that water put into it will fall only in drops. By this the rope is kept continually moist. During three succeeding weeks nothing farther is required, except to supply the vessel with water. At the expiration of that period, one-third of the remaining bark is cut off, and the former incision is carried considerably deeper into the wood, as by this time it is expected that some roots have struck into the rope, and are giving their assistance in support of the branch.

After a similar period, the

operation is repeated, and, in about two months from the commencement of the process, the roots may generally be seen intersecting each other on the surface of the ball, which is a sign that they are sufficiently advanced to admit of the separation of the branch from the tree. This is best done by sawing it off at the incision. Care must be taken that the rope, which by this time is nearly rotten, is not shaken by the motion. The branch is then planted as a young tree.

Formation of Beaches. Mr. Palmer, the civil engineer, in a lecture read at the Royal Institution, has entered into some curious speculations upon the formation of beaches along the coast, and of bars at the mouths of harbours. On observing attentively the action of the waves on the beach, he noticed that the largest stones were deposited at the greatest height and distance from the water, and gradually lessening in size downwards to the smallest sand, which was at the water's edge. This order of deposition, the reverse of the effect of forming a heap of stones under common circumstances, where all the large stones roll to the bottom, and the small remain at the top, though ten thousand times observed by others, does not appear to have led any person, before him, to consider how this operation of nature might be turned to account. He watched the waves, and their actions upon particular stones, and found, that whenever a wave struck a stone which it had force enough to move, it carried forward the stone in the line of its direction; and when the wave retired, the stone rolled back upon the beach, not in the same line, except when the wave struck it at right angles

with the water line of the beach; thus the stones and sand moved to leeward on the beach in zig-zag lines. The difference of the progressive motion of the stones depended upon their sizes, and the proportionate quantity of surface of the small stones and sand made them more buoyant; and they were by each succeeding wave deposited farther up or down the shore, as the wave struck it more or less obliquely, the difference of progress varying as one to many hundreds. By pointing to a map of the Sussex and Kent coasts, which lie in a direction from W.S.W. to E.N.E., Mr. Palmer showed how, with the general prevalence of south-westerly winds on the coast, beaches were formed in all bays and recesses west of the headlands, or wherever obstructions had been raised by piers or artificial projections from the land; in such places stones and sand are heaped, which, disturbed

by the violent action of the waves in storms, were displaced, carried forward, and deposited, perhaps at the mouth of the very harbour, forming a bar there, which the pier was intended to prevent. Mr. Palmer showed, that this was the case at Dover, and that the chief object in forming a harbour should be to prevent such accumulation near it. By an experiment he showed, that the "fact in which he had caught nature" might be employed as a principle of prevention, by building sloping dikes at right angles with the beach. These would facilitate the return of the stones and sand to the water's edge, prevent a high accumulation, replace within reach of the waves the materials of the beach, and aid the water in carrying them on to a spot where they might be deposited without injury to navigation.

John M Cardy, of Southamptonrow, in the county of Middlesex, esq. for certain improvements in machinery for acquiring power in rivers and

currents.

Luke Hebert, of Paternoster-row, for certain improvements in machines or apparatus for manufacturing bread from grain, and the application of other products for another product thereof.

John Warner, jun. of the Crescent, Jewin street, brass founder, for cer tain improved processes in giving a metallic coating to various articles of

commerce.

Robert Stephenson, of Newcastleupon-Tyne, engineer, for improve. ments in the locomotive steam-engines now in use, for the quick conveyance of passengers and goods upon edge railways.

William North, of Stangate Wharf, Lambeth, slater, for an improvement in roofing buildings.

John Samuel Dawes, of West Bromwich, Staffordshire, for certain improvements in the manufacture of iron.

Richard Butler, of Austin Friars, for improvements in manufacturing, &c., oil from certain substances, and obtaining gas from the same.

Edwin Appleby, of Doncaster, ironfounder, for improvements in steamengines.

John Reedhead, of Henry-street, Vauxhall, for improvements in the construction of coaches, &c., to be drawn by horses, or propelled by steam.

John Linton, of Selby, Yorkshire, brazier, for an improved construction

of steam boiler.

Josiah J. Guest, of Dowlais Ironworks, Merthyr Tydvil, esq. for an improvement in the process for reducing iron ore and other materials containing iron to "finers."

James Sutton, of Dean-street, Soho, chair-maker, for improvements in easy chairs.

Jonathan Dickson and James Ikin, both of Holland-street, Blackfriars

road, engineers, for improvements in the process of making gas.

William Crofts, of Radford, Nottinghamshire, for improvements in machinery for manufacturing bobbin-net lace.

Edward Lucas, of Birmingham, engineer, for a self-acting force and lift pump.

James Brown, of Margaret-street, Commercial-road, rigger, for improvements in capstans, &c.

William Rhodes, of Leyton, Essex, for an improved manufacture of bricks.

T. Robinson Williams, esq. late of Norfolk-street, Strand, for forming, by means of machinery, artificial skins to be applied as leather, vellum, parchment, &c. are now used.

Luke Hebert, of Hampstead Road, and James Don, of Lower James-st., Golden-square, for improvements in engines &c. employed in the construction of steam-vessels, &c.

Thomas Hills, jun. of St. Michael's Alley, Cornhill, for improvements in furnaces for steam-boilers, &c.

Alexander Gordon, of the Strand, engineer, for improvements in the boilers or generators of steam, and in engines to be worked by steam, &c.

Robert Hicks, of Wimpole-street, for an improved method of, and apparatus in, baking bread.

Joshua Horton, of Birmingham, for an improvement in the manufacture of wrought iron chains.

John Joyce, of St. Pancras, London for improvements in machinery for making nails.

John White, of Southampton, engineer, for improvements in machinery to be worked by steam, &c., applicable to raising water.

Charles Terry, of Shoe-lane, merchant, for improvements in producing leather from hides and skins.

J. Obadiah Newell Rutter, of Lymington, Southampton, wine-merchant, for an improved process for generating heat, applicable to heating boilers and retorts, &c.

W. Shilton, of Birmingham, for an improved apparatus or machine for cutting files and rasps.

Edward Boys, jun. of Rochester, for a machine for preventing accidents with carriages in descending hills, &c.

George Rodgers, of Sheffield, and J. Tatam, of Hilton, for an improved button.

Joseph Gibbs, of the Kent Road, engineer, for improvements in the means, apparatus, and machinery, for exhibiting scenery paintings, or certain descriptions of pictures.

John Ericsson, of Albany-street, Regent's-park, civil engineer, for an engine for producing motive power.

C. M. H. Molinard, of St. Mary Axe, merchant, for improvements in looms and weaving machinery.

G. Washington Wilder, of Colemanstreet, for improvements in machinery for cutting marbles and other stones,

&c.

James Smith, jun. and Francis Smith, of Radford near Nottingham, for improvements in machinery for manufacturing bobbin-net lace.

Jonathan Hayne, of St. James's, Clerkenwell, silversmith, for improvements in manufacturing metal spoons, &c.

Robert Beart, of Godmanchester, for improvements in making tiles for draining land, &c.

Francis Molyneux, of New Bridgestreet, Blackfriars, for improvements in making paper.

George Harris, of East Dulwich, for a method for reducing and preparing various vegetable substances, and for manufacturing them into articles hitherto usually made from hemp and

flax.

J. Barton, of Goswell-road, for improvements in pumps, and machinery for raising fluids.

George Carter, of NottinghamLodge, Kent, for improvements in paddle wheels.

P. A. Angilbert, Upper Charlesstreet, Northampton-square, for improvements in preserving animal and vegetable substances.

W.Jessop, of Batterley Hall, Derbyshire, for improvements in constructing railways.

Charles Madeley, of Gilson Hall, Warwick, for a scarifier or harrow.

Charles Jones, of Birmingham, for alterations in gun and pistol locks.

James Caldwell, of Shadwell, for improvements in cranes, vessels, and apparatus for delivering coals from shipping.

Thomas Wrigley, of Bridge-Hall Mills, Lancashire, for an improved pulp-strainer in making paper.

Joseph Gibbs, and A. Applegath, for improvements in the construction of rail-roads, bridges, piers, jetties, and aqueducis.

Andrew Ure, M. D. of Charlottestreet, Bloomsbury, for an improved apparatus for evaporating sirups and saccharine juices.

W. Newton, of Chancery-lane, for an improved apparatus for boiling, evaporating, and concentrating sirups, for the production of sugar.

Charles Terry, of Shoe-lane, and W. Parker, of New Gravel-lane, Shadwell, for improvements in making and refining sugar.

The same, for improvements in refining and purifying oils.

John Christophers, of New Broadstreet, for an improvement in anchors.

George Beale Brown, of New Broadstreet, for certain improvements in machinery for manufacturing pins.

Christopher Pigott Bancks, of Bewdley, Worcestershire, brass-founder, for improvements in the manufacture of certain culinary and chemical utensils and vessels.

Alexander Mitchell, of Brickfield, in the county of Down, civil engineer, for a dock of improved construction, to facilitate the repairing, building, &c. of vessels.

W. Newton, of Chancery-lane, civil engineer, for certain improvements in roving frames, for roving cotton, &c.

Augustus Applegath, of Crayford, calico printer, for improvements in letter-press and block printing, and in the machinery used for the same.

John Squire, of Paddington, engineer, and Francis Macerone, of Upper George-street, Bryanstone-square, for improvements on boilers for generating steam.

John Livesey, of Bolton-le-Moo paper-manufacturer, for improvements in the preparation of hemp. &c. for the manufacture of glazing, friction, and mangle bowls, paper-makers' felts, &c.

John Petrie, of Rochdale, engineer, for improvements in steam-engines. Joseph Pelletier, and Jean Desprez, of Finsbury Circus, for im

a

provements in manufacturing sulphate of quinine.

John Kitchen, of Newcastle-uponTyne, printer, for improvements on printing presses.

W. Rodger, of Norfolk - street, Strand, for improvements in anchors. David Rees, of Brecon, S. Wales, for improvements on drags to be applied to carriages.

Robert Smith, of the Abersychen Iron-works, Monmouthshire, and J. Walkingshere, of the same place, for an improved rail for railways.

W. Wigston, of the Gas Works, Salford, for improvements in consuming smoke, applicable to the furnaces of steam-boilers, &c.

Joshua Bate, of Bishopsgate-street, for improvements in machinery for combing wool, &c.

John Dyer, of Trowbridge, Wilts, for a machine for fulling, thickening, felting, and cleaning woollen cloths,

&c.

Francis Stiles Blake, of his majesty's dock-yard, Portsmouth, for an improvement in fids for the upper-masts, bowsprits, and jib-booms of vessels.

J. Scott Russell, of Edinburgh, M.A. for improvements in the construction of vessels for sustaining the pressure of fluids, and in the boilers and machinery of steam-engines.

John Read, of Regent-street, for improvements in machinery for raising or forcing fluids.

W. King Westley, of Salford, and Samuel Lawson, of Leeds, for improve ments in machinery for drawing or roving flax, hemp, &c.

Sir Charles Webb Dance, of Hurstbourne Manor Place, Herts, kt. and Joshua Field, of Lambeth, engineer, for improvements in the boiler and apparatus for locomotive carriages.

W. H. Barnard, of New Broadstreet, for a solvent, not hitherto used in the arts.

To William Godfrey Kneller, of Mitcham, in the county of Surrey, chemist, for his invention of certain improvements in evaporation.

To Richard Else, of the city of Bath, gentleman, for certain improvements in drying malt.

To William Church, of Heywood House, Bordeslee Green, near Birmingham, in the county of Warwick, gentleman, for certain improvements in machinery or apparatus to be em

ployed in the transportation of goods or passengers, parts of which said improvement are also applicable to the ordinary purposes of steam-engines.

To Isaac Dodds, of Horsely Iron Works, in the parish of Tipton, in the county of Stafford, engineer, for an improved combination of materials, and method of manufacturing valves for steam-engines, or steam apparatus, or for any other fluid, or gas, or in any other situation wherein valves or sluices may be used.

To John Heathcoat, of Tiverton, in the county of Devon, lace manufactu rer, for his invention of certain improvements in machines or machinery used in the manufacture of bobbin-net.

To John Scott Howard, of Chow Bent, in the county of Lancaster, machine-maker, for his invention of certain improvements in machinery, called roving-frames, for roving cotton and other fibrous substances.

To Louis Cournier, of Kennington Green, in the county of Surrey, gentleman, for an improvement in curing certain maladies of the head, being a communication from a foreigner residing abroad.

To Fitz-Walter Williams, of Gilbert-street, Oxford-street, in the county of Middlesex, gentleman, for his invention of a liquid or composition for polishing furniture and other articles, which he intends to denominate "Williams's French Polish Reviver."

To John Robertson, of Crofthead, in the parish of Neilston, and county of Renfrew, cotton-spinner, for his invention of certain improvements in the mule-jenny, or other machine for spinning of cotton, and in the bellystretching frame, or other machine for the roving of cotton, and in the machinery for spinning and roving of silk, wool, flax, hemp, or other fibrous substances.

H. Davey, of St. Giles's, Camberwell, for certain improvements in machinery or apparatus for preparing linen and cotton rags and other materials used in the manufacture of paper.

A. Smith, of Princes-st., Leicestersquare, for certain improvements in springs for doors and other purposes.

J. W. Lewty, of Lichfield-street, Birmingham, brass-founder, for certain improvements in castors.

M. Berry, of 66, Chancery-lane,