Your correspondent's account of the the Grosvenor.' In 1880 he became a memestimate for engraving guns for a complete ber of the staff of The Newcastle Chronicle, ship armament is very interesting, but I can and later for a short time was editor of hardly imagine that estimate to have been Mayfair. Accepting the offer of a position carried out with over one hundred costly on The Daily Telegraph in 1882, he was a cannon of this description, all of bronze. regular contributor to that paper, under the (Bronze is invariably meant when speaking pseudonym of " A Seafarer," for about seven (of brass ordnance, as the latter material was years. From that time, until his death in 'too soft to be employed by itself for cannon- 1911, he seems to have been solely occupied founding.) It rather appears that this with the production of his novels. Further gun was a rare and choice example, and placed information relating to him might be obin the Park of St. James on account of its gained from the D.N.B.' second Supp. high-class workmanship. It is also of a vol. iii., Encyclopædia Britannica,' and suitable size and light enough (only 1 ton) Allibone's Dictionary of Authors.' to be employed as a gun for land service. The Turkish gun that supplanted it (1803) in the Park is certainly less historic-and, it may be added, very much less artistic. What claim to appearance (on account of extreme length) it originally possessed, is lessened by its having been shortened by at least 5 feet at the muzzle. Like most Eastern weapons, it is uninteresting in VICTOR FARQUHARSON. D.N.B.' E. E. BARKER. This author was a young man of 16 in 1860, and his first piece of literary work was a play, produced at the Haymarket Theatre in 1866, which proved a failure. Neither the nor Chambers's Dictionary of English Literature' mentions the following facts: His first novel was published under his own name, by Low, in 1867; it was in three volumes, and entitled The HunchSIR WILLIAM TRELAWNY, 6TH BART. (12 S. back's Charge: a Romance.' A collection ii. 508). He became lieutenant R.N. in Sep-of criticisms entitled A Book of Authors tember, 1743; master and commander, May 10, 1754; post-captain, April 9, 1756; was captain of the Peregrine sloop in 1757. (Cf. Court and City Registers, &c.) outline. W. R. W. Charnock says in Biographia Navalis' that the first information he has of him is as a lieutenant in September, 1743, and the next of April 9, 1756, when he was promoted to be captain of the frigate Port Mahon. He held various commands after that as captain, and in 1766 was appointed Governor of Jamaica, where he died Dec. 11, 1772. A. G. KEALY, Chaplain, Royal Navy, retired. Per appeared from the house of Warne in 1871. Little But AUTHOR AND TITLE WANTED: Boys' In reply to T. F. D.'s query I find, upon Books c. 1860 (12 S. ii. 330, 397, 475).- the authority of Mr. Marston, that the late William Clark Russell, retiring from the mer-W. Clark Russell was writing when 23 years of age. Before then he had published works, through Messrs. Sampson Low & Co. the first sea story was not issued until 1875, and was entitled John Holdsworth, Chief Mate.' Mr. Russell died in November, 1911. CECIL CLARKE. Junior Athenæum Club. chant service in 1866, commenced his literary career by writing a tragedy in verse, which was produced at the Haymarket Theatre the same year (1866), but was not a success. Later, becoming a journalist, he contributed articles on sea topics to the leading journals. In 1868 he served as editor of The Leader, and in 1871 he contributed to The Kent County News. He, however, soon settled down to writing nautical tales of adventure, which was henceforth his chief occupation, and in 1875 his first novel, John Holdsworth, Chief Mate,' appeared, followed in 1877 by his most popular work, The Wreck of 118423 A. R. BAYLEY. EMPLOYMENT OF WILD BEASTS IN WARFARE (11 S. xii. 140, 186, 209, 463; 12 S. i. 74, 94, 311; ii. 454).—The fighting oxen, or bakkeleyer, mentioned in Astley's Voyages and Travels' (1746) as used by the Hottentots, were probably a cross between the Cape buffalo and ordinary cattle. The latter's chief use is to draw the ponderous transport wagon through the desert sands, for which as many as sixteen are usually required. They possess no fighting qualities whatever. The Cape buffalo, on the other hand, in his natural state is a peculiarly pugnacious creature, and with a very formidable pair of horns which at the lower ends are flattened over the frontal bones. He can only be approached by a safe shot with "In memory of Samuel Sheppard Esq. of Blis worth in Northamptonshire, Who departed this life Oct. ye 22nd, 1759. Aged 47 years. He was a most Affectionate Husband A Tender Father A good Master and A sincere Friend, Who married to his last wife Anne second daughter of Sir James Clarke, Knt. of East Moulsey in ye County of Surrey, who is left to lament his Death, and an only son, Samuel Sheppard a minor. "And near this place lieth interred the body of worth And eldest daughter of Lewis Rye Esq. of Lucy Sheppard wife of Mr. John Sheppard of Blis this parish and mother to the above Samuel Sheppard Esq. She departed this life June ye 26th 1758 aged 75 years.' · F. H. MENTHA, Vicar. Blakesley Vicarage, Towcester. 'JONATHAN WILD, THE GREAT' (11 S. ii though as yet unconvinced by, the reasons 261; 12 S. ii. 442).—I am much interested in, given by MR. J. PAUL DE CASTRO for disagreeing, from internal evidence, with my suggestion of six years since, that Henry Fielding was the hitherto unsuspected author of the two articles in Mist's Weekly Journal of June 12 and 19, 1725, within a month of Jonathan Wild's execution at Tyburn, giving a satirical account of the notorious thieftaker. The late Mr. Andrew Lang-no mean critic on such a point-wrote to me, after reading my contribution to N. & Q.,' "Aut Henricus, aut Diabolus "; and, going over it again very carefully now, I feel I cannot but say the same. This much is certain: Fielding was particularly well acquainted, when writing The History of the Life of the Late Mr. Jonathan Wild The Great,' with the ins-and-outs of Newgate at the time his hero was imprisoned there. The knowledge of Blueskin, Jack Sheppard's close associate, shown in Book III, chap. xiv., may have been merely traditional, for that unworthy was a well-known character; but it is not the same with Roger Johnson-" a very GREAT MAN," according to Fielding, just as Wild was a great man,' according to Mist's author. The latter, whoever he was, can scarcely but have seen the special mention of Johnson and his association with Wild in Parker's Penny Post of May 10, 1725, with other references to their association in The British Journal for May 1, 8, and 22-the last containing an account of the thief-taker's trial, as that of the 29th did of his execution. That Fielding, among so many imagined characters in Jonathan Wild, the Great,' should have dealt so strikingly with this decidedly real one, causes me the more to feel that he had a sufficiently intimate acquaintance with the criminal intelligence of the spring of 1725 to enable him to write the Mist articles, and so keenly to interest him as to bring him to weave certain of his memories of it into his great satiric work of many years later, continuing therein the line of thought and style of argument he had developed in the days when he commenced author. While on the subject, I may suggest that it would be of great interest to collect the various references in our literature, biographical included, to Fielding's presentation of Wild. I quote one as an example, and that from the Croker Papers (vol. i. p. 340), giving Wellington's very frank opinion of Napoleon Buonaparte as a man:- a "For my part I could see no magnanimity in a lie; and I confess that I think one who could play such tricks but a shabby fellow. I never believed in him, and always thought that in the long-run we should overthrow him. He never seemed himself at his ease, and even in the boldest things he did there was always a mixture of apprehension and meanness. I used to call him Jonathan Wild the Great.'....The truth was, he had no more care about what was right or wrong, just or unjust, honourable or dishonourable, than Jonathan, though his great abilities and the great stakes he played for threw the knavery into the shade." on that side (south), and bears the following: inscription : In memory of ye late celebrated poet | Mr Charles Churchill who died at Boulogne in France tatis 32 and I was buried in ys town Nov. 1764. The rich and great no sooner gone But strait a monumental stone Inscribed with panegyric lays Such fulsome undeserved praise The living Blush, the Conscience Dead Themselves appall'd that truth is fled And can it be that worth like thine Should smoulder undistinguished sleep At very thought the muses weep Forbid it gratitude and Love O for a glow like his to prove How much regretted Honest Bard Accept this shadow of Regard. T. Underwood ye Impartialist Erected June 1769. A Line taken | from his Epistle to Hogarth At ye sole expense | of ye above T. Underwood The above is exactly as I transcribed it from the monument itself, when visiting Dover, 1903-4. G. YARROW BALDOCK, Major. South Hackney, N.E. Notes on Books. Journal of the Folk-Song Society, No. 20, being the Third and Last Part of Vol. V. (London, printed privately for the Members of the Society.) THE first group of songs, seven in number, consists of Narrative and Historical Ballads and Ditties. Three versions of Sir Hugh are given, all collected in Somerset and by Mr. Cecil J.. Sharp. All three are interesting; in many places, indeed, corrupted into absurdity, but also preserving the rarer threads of the legend. Thus the second version says the little boy saw his mother plucking chicken in the Jews' kitchena sorcerer's trick to entice him in; and the first version concludes with the mysterious words : All that will shine like any fine gold Against the morning sun— the remains, as the editor points out, of some description of the light which shone from the murdered child's body. Another good song in this group, in two versions, is Sir William Gower,' better known as 'William Glen '-the tale of a murderer who brought disaster on his ship, and having confessed was cast into the sea. Here he is driven to confession by the ghost of an innocent man who suffered for the crime-an unusual feature. Of the four Songs of Country Life and Custom, the first was noted down by Mr. Cecil Sharp from the singing of a man of 96, also in Somerset; there is some confusion in it, and the tune in part seems to be a variant of Lochaber no more." There are three versions of a good carter's song, and three Padstow May songs which, from the point of view of folk-lore, form the most. Biography' is, indeed, truly a feat in its kind, accomplished as it has been single-handed, and in a succinct and telling style of his own. It is a permanent memorial of him which will be of value as long as the social history of this country is of importance to anybody. The original work, published between 1892 and 1901, consisted of three volumes; and Mr. Boase was at work on a supplement of three volumes more, of which the first two have already appeared. We are glad to learn that the third is so nearly complete that his executors will be able to add the last details and publish it. Mr. Boase's contributions to N. &Q.' interest, principally, though not solely, in biblio graphy and literature proper. By profession he was a solicitor, and had been for more than a quarter of a century Librarian of the Incorporated Law Society in Chancery Lane, a post from which he retired in 1903. He was a brother of the Rev. C. W. Boase of Exeter College, Oxford. considerable contribution to this number. Those who are interested in the Padstow May performances or analogous customs should make a note of it. The ceremonies are carefully described, and the editor discusses them in a good note, with ample references to the literature of the subject, supplying as well an appendix which gives other versions of the songs, and deals with the meaning and origin of Ursula Birdhood.' Miss Broadwood inclines to identify "Ursula," according to Schade, with the Earth-motherthe many-named goddess of fertility-and to see in " Birdhood a reminiscence of the "Flügelhaube of Nehalennia or Nerthus, the Earth-bear witness, however, to a further range of Imother of Northern Europe. The whole essaythough tentative and suggestive is carefully -documented, full of detail, and of real value towards the elucidation of an interesting problem. The Forfeit Songs include five versions of the 'Twelve Days of Christmas,' A Shoulder of Mutton jumped over from France,' and a singing game, Sir Roger is dead,' noted down from children in Derbyshire. 7 a Delightful sections are the two composed of Sailors' Chanties, collected by Mr. Cecil Sharp and Mr. Harry E. Piggott respectively. Mr. Piggott adds to his version of Rio Grande' pleasant note upon Mr. John Perring the singer, who, after service in the Army and as a sailor, became a coal-lumper at Dartmouth, and then, though over sixty years of age, went back to the Army again on the outbreak of the War, and is serving at this moment in Home Defence. His gifts and his cleverness as a singer are remarkable. Mr. Sharp has noted two versions of the curiously | charming Whip Jamboree.' Mr. Piggott, again, has a delightful windlass chanty, Heave away, my Johnny,' and a hauling chanty, A Handy Ship,' of which we can easily believe what he tells us, that the effect of it when sung is extraordinary. The section on Cornish Carols-Mr. Piggott's work also gives a fresh version of the words of the Cherry-tree Carol'; and on the well-known carol A Virgin Unspotted' Mr. Frank Kidson contributes a good note which contains a Yorkshire version of the tune, and the version to be found in John Arnold's Compleat Psalmody,' published in 1750. 6 Our readers will gather that we have found much that is both curious and valuable in this number. It is satisfactory to know that, despite the many preoccupations and hindrances occasioned by the War, this study is still being kept alive and vigorous. Obituary. FREDERIC BOASE. GEORGE THOMAS SHERBORN. WE are sorry to learn that our old corresponden. George Thomas Sherborn died on the 3rd inst., at the age of 84. By profession he was a monu. mental mason, and for many years had charge of the monuments in Westminster Abbey. He had great natural gifts as a linguist, and had made himself a proficient classical student, besides reading French, German, and Italian with easein all these self-taught. The variety of topics on which he wrote to us shows that he made this facility subserve scholarly interests of no mean range. The Athenæum now appearing monthly, arrange ments have been made whereby advertisements of posts vacant and wanted, which it is desired to publish weekly, may appear in the intervening weeks in 'N. & Q.' Notices to Correspondents. WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately, of old books and other objects or as to the means of nor can we advise correspondents as to the value disposing of them. to "The Editor of Notes and Queries'"-Adver tisements and Business Letters to "The Pub lishers"-at the Office, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C. EDITORIAL communications should be addressed CORRESPONDENTS who send letters to be forwarded to other contributors should put on the top lefthand corner of their envelopes the number of the page of N. & Q.' to which their letters refer, so that the contributor may be readily identified. W. R. W.-The history of the "Peccavi " pun was fully discussed at 11 S. vii. 226, 290; viii. 30 -the first article being by Mr. Walter Woollcott of New York, the two others from the pen of Sir W. Lee-Warner. WE have to record-with great regret the death of yet another old and valued correspondent of N. & Q.'-Frederic Boase, who died at St. Leonard's-on-Sea in his 74th year. His name has appeared several times in the volume just concluded, as a contributor of biographical detail for the elucidation of the eighteenth-century Army List. Our readers will hardly require to be reminded that it is as a student of contemporary biography, especially as regards the second half of the nineteenth century, that Mr. Boase CORRIGENDUM. -Ante, p. 6, col. 2, 1. 34, read I was chiefly distinguished. His Modern English"-1678. Cf." not "of." 6 MR. ALAN STEWART.-Many thanks. The earlier reply was duly received, and appeared at 12 S. ii. 537 (Dec. 30)." LONDON, SATURDAY, JANUARY 20, 1917. CONTENTS.-No. 56. NOTES:- St. Barbara, V.M.. 41-Correspondence of Richard Edwards. 44-Army List of 1740, 46-Zoriada and the Wordbooks, 47-The Diaboliad '-" Decelerate," 48-A Bibliography of the Victoria Cross, 49. QUERIES:-Jill, Gillian-Armorial Seal: Identification Sought, 49-Julius Caesar's Reform of the Calendar-John Gilbert, Archbishop of York-John Leake. M.D.-Gambardella, Italian Portrait-Painter-Venetian Account of England-"Terebus y Tereodin" - English Colloquial Similes, 50-Pherenice and Olympian Games-Col. Hon. John Scott-Folk-Lore: the Angelica-Family Portraits in Carved Wood, 51-Greene's Museum, Lichfield, 52. REPLIES:-Mews or Mewys Family, 52-Dickens and Henry VIII. 53-"Wipers": Ypres Brassey FamilyChristopher Urswick-Bath Forum, 54-Seize-Quartiers St. Kilda Colds-William Cumberland-BelleforestFishing-Rod in the Bible or Talmud, 55-Author Wanted -Butler's Analogy-Disraeli and Empire, 56-The Royal Arms in Metre The Regal Rambler: Thomas Hastings "Gray's Inn Pieces"-Philip Winton-Snakes and Music, 57-The Beggar's Opera'—Pronunciation of “ea,' 58-Sheridan Le Fanu's Works-Foreign Graves of British Authors-"Jobey" of Eton-Capt. Ross and the Gluck stad-Scotch Universities: Undergraduates' GownMetal-bridge, Dublin-Heraldic Queries-Risk of entering a New House, 59. N. & Q.' Service Roll. It will be necessary to give the outline of St. Barbara's life, and I purposely draw this from a book which gives the legend, as accepted in the Middle Ages, both of the Life and of the Translation of St. Barbara. It is 'Historie plurimorum sanctorum noviter laboriose collecte et prolongate,' printed at Louvain in the house of John of Westfalia, A.D. 1485 in October. In this collection Barbara, Virgin and Martyr, has the place of honour as the first of the noble band. In the times of the Emperor Maximian there was a certain man, Dyoscorus by name, very rich, but a pagan. He had an only daughter named Barbara. He made a high tower and there shut her up, that she might not be seen by man on account Some of the nobles of her eminent beauty. suggested to him that she should accept a husband. When her father told her this, she begged him not to compel her. Before going away for a long journey her father gave directions for a bath to be built over a spring beneath the tower where Barbara had been secretly baptized, giving minute directions how the work was to be carried NOTES ON BOOKS:-'The Origin of the Cult of Aphro- out. Barbara, finding that the building dite.' Notices to Correspondents. Notes. ST. BARBARA, V.M. A SILVER statuette of this saint bears, in one hand a palm branch, in the other a small tower. This is the cherished possession of a naval mess at Portsmouth, and the request that I would explain the symbol of the small tower, and the reason why St. Barbara has been reputed as patroness of soldiers and sailors, led me to search such books as would throw light on the topic. 66 The acts of this saint have been so overloaded and depraved by fabulous details that some writers have doubted her existence. Thus Baring-Gould ('Lives of the Saints,' xv. 25) says that it matters very little which account of her date and sufferings is accepted, as she is a wholly mythical personage.' Much the same might be said for our accepted patron St. George of Cappadocia, whose acts are equally interlarded with fable. One may conclude that, as a rule, medieval romances were built up on some foundation of fact. Their admirers did these saints a very poor service when they buried such facts under the wildest fiction. was to be lighted by only two windows, directed the builders to make a third, and carried her point in spite of their remonstrance. When her father returned he was surprised that his order about the two windows had been disobeyed, and asked his daughter, "How do three give light more than two? She replied, I have done well, for three give light, but two obscure it." And pointing to the windows, she said, This designates the Father, this the Son, this the Holy Spirit." Her father, filled with rage, drew his sword and would have run her through, but at her prayer the rock opened, enclosed her, and cast her out on the mountain-side. Near that spot were two shepherds feeding their sheep, one of whom betrayed her hiding-place, and when she cursed him, his sheep were turned into locusts. Her father, thus discovering her, dragged her down the mountain by her hair, and shutting her up in a cell, carefully guarded, told the President, Marcian. examination, confession, and tortures of the saint, her spiritual consolation by visions, and certain miraculous interventions are of a familiar type. At last she was sentenced to death by decapitation, her father undertaking the office of executioner. Before reaching the place, the saint offered a prayer to Christ, of which the last petition was The "Grant to me Thy servant that whoever makes mention of Thy name in memory of me on the |