Electricity for Public Schools & Colleges

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Longmans, Green, & Company, 1903 - 451 páginas

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Contenido

Use of Keepers
9
Methods of Magnetisation ΙΟ CHAPTER II
10
MECHANICAL AND MAGNETIC UNITS 1 Introductory
12
Velocity and Acceleration
13
Moments and Couples
14
Magnetic Fields and Unit Field
15
Magnetic Moment of Practical not Ideal Magnets
16
Magnetic Curves
17
Magnetic Induction takes place along the Lines of Force
19
CHAPTER III
20
Use of Torsion Balance at constant angle
21
Series Arrangement of Arc Lamps
23
Method of Oscillations
24
SECTION PAGE 4 Laws of Magnetism
26
Proof of Law II by Torsion Balance
27
Measurements as affected by Induction
28
Compasses
29
Modification of Earths Lines of Force by the Presence of Iron Masses I wwwwwww II The Earths Magnetic Elements
30
Measurement of Declination
31
Resolution of Earths total Field into two or three Components
34
To find the Inclination or
36
Measurement of the Earths Magnetic Elements
37
The Method of Deflexions
38
The Tangent Galvanometer
39
Magnetometers Changes in the Earths Field
40
CHAPTER IV
42
Dryness needed not High Temperature
43
Conductors and NonConductors
44
Electrics and NonElectrics
45
The two sorts of Electrification are always produced together
46
Equal Quantities of the opposite Electrifications are always pro duced simultaneously
47
The Fluid Theories of Electricity
48
The three Laws of Electrostatics
49
Law III The Force varies as
51
First Ideas as to Induction
52
PAGE
53
First Ideas as to Distribution
55
Faradays Icepail illustrating the Laws of Distribution and of Induction
57
Electrophorus
59
Frictional Electric Machines
60
Miscellaneous Experiments with the Electrical Machine
63
74
74
CHAPTER VI
76
Experiments with the two Condenser Plates
78
Discussion of the Terms Bound and Free
81
Conditions Affecting the Magnitude of the Bound Charge
82
An Isolated Body considered as the Limiting Case of a Condenser 6 Alternate Discharge
83
Leyden Jars
85
The Unit
86
Cascade arrangement of Leyden Jars
88
Nature of the Leyden Jar Charge
90
Various Effects of the Discharge
91
Induction Effects of the Discharge
94
Wheatstones Sparkboard
96
The Condensing Electroscope 15 Various Forms of Electrical Discharge
98
CHAPTER VII
100
Application to Induction Machines 3 Sir W Thomsons Waterdropping Accumulator
102
Varleys Induction Machine
103
Sir W Thomsons Replenisher
104
The Voss Machine
105
The Holtz Machine
108
CHAPTER VIII
113
Return Shocks
115
Potential at a Point in the Atmosphere
117
Methods of Measuring the Potential at a Point in the Atmosphere
118
Results of Observations
119
SheetLightning and other Phenomena
120
CHAPTER IX
121
Variation with Time
122
Faradays Method
124
Modern Methods
125
CHAPTER X
126
ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL I Introductory
127
Dimensions of Work
128
Work against a Constant Force
129
Potential and Difference of Potential
131
Equipotential Surfaces
133
Lines of Force are Perpendicular to Equipotential Surfaces
134
Fieldstrength and Rate of Change of Potential
135
The Mapping Out of Lines of Force Simple Case
136
General Case
137
Total Number of marked Lines of Force
138
Statement of some further Theorems on Lines of Force 139
139
The Potential of an Isolated Body
141
Capacity of an Isolated Sphere
142
Distribution from the Potential Point of View
143
Potential and Density distinguished
144
Important Case of a Spherical Condenser
145
The Plate Condenser
147
Formulæ for Capacities c
148
Energy of Charging and Discharging
150
Examples in Energy of Discharge
151
Energy of Discharge in the Cascade Arrangement of Leyden Jars
152
Electroscopes and Electrometers
153
Sir William Thomsons Quadrant Electrometer
155
Uses of the Quadrant Electrometer
158
Examples in Energy of Discharge c
159
General Consideration of Electrostatic Fields of Force 1 161
161
CHAPTER XI
163
Galvanis Experiment
164
Voltas Experiments and Views
165
Voltas Pile from Voltas point of View
167
Voltas Cell and the Couronne des Tasses from Voltas point of View
169
The Contact and Chemical Theories
170
Theory of the Simple Voltas Cell
171
Digression on the Galvanometer
173
Polarisation
175
Constant Batteries
176
Application of Ohns Law in a Simple Case 7 Graphic Representation of Ohms
209
Applications of the Graphic Method 9 Divided Circuits
211
Shunts
214
Fall of Potential through the Circuit
215
Kirchhoffs Two Laws
216
Maximum Current with a given Battery
219
CHAPTER XIV
221
Resistance Coils and Resistance Boxes
222
Wheatstones Rheostat
224
Wheatstones Bridge General Principle
226
Slideform of Wheatstones Bridge
228
Wheatstones Bridge Resistance Box Form 7 Resistance of a Galvanometer
229
Resistance of a BatteryCell
230
Measurement of E M
231
Electrometer Methods Open Circuit
232
Voltmeter Galvanometers
233
Method of Opposition
234
JOULES LAW AND CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 1 General Survey
238
Units of Heat Work and Activity 238
239
Energy of the Electric Current
240
Joules
241
Distribution of Heat in the Circuit 7 8 Case of no BackE M F in the Circuit
244
201
245
Case of a BackE M F e in the Circuit
246
Failure of a Smees Cell to Decompose Water
248
Partial Polarisation in the foregoing Case 13 Connection between E M F s and Heats of Combination CHAPTER XVI
249
Introductory
252
The Simple ThermoCell
253
The ThermoPile
254
ThermoElectric Series
255
ThermoElectric Powers
260
The Neutral Point
261
ThermoDiagrams 8 Peltier Effect Observed Facts
263
The Thomson Effect
264
Theory of the Simple ThermoCell
265
Theory of the Peltier and Thomson Effects
268
CHAPTER XVII
271
Simple Form of Galvanometer 4 Relation of Strength of Field to CurrentStrength
275
The Sine Galvanometer
279
The Multiplying Galvanometer 8 Astatic Galvanometer Two Needles
280
The Controlling Magnet Method
282
Sir W Thomsons Mirror Galvanometer
283
The Differential Galvanometer
285
The Ballistic Galvanometer
286
Sir W Thomsons Graded Potential Galvanometer
289
Sir W Thomsons Graded Current Galvanometers
290
Webers ElectroDynamometer
291
Some General Observations on Galvanometers
292
Galvanometers for Practical or Commercial use 18 Calibration of Currentmeters and Voltmeters CHAPTER XVIII
293
ACTIONS BETWEEN CURRENTS AND MAGNETIC POLES NETIC EQUIVALENT OF A CURRENT CURRENTS AND CURRENTS ACTION M...
294
The Absolute System of ElectroMagnetic Units
297
Summary of ElectroMagnetic Units see
298
The Dimensions of the Derived Units
299
CHAPTER XXII
301
Field due to a Circular Current
302
Magnetic Potentials due to Magnetic Shells
304
Magnetic Equivalent of an Electric Circuit
306
This Equivalence is for the External Field only II Principle of Sinuous Currents 12 Reaction of a Pole on an Element of Current PAGE 276
307
13 Action of a Pole upon a Closed Circuit
308
Action of a Pole on an Incomplete Circuit
310
Actions between Currents Ampères Laws
311
Continuous Rotations of Currents 18 Ampères Laws of the Actions between Elements of Currents CHAPTER XIX
313
LAWS OF THE MOVEMENTS OF CURRENTS AS DEDUCED FROM THE CONSIDERATION OF MAGNETIC FIELDS AND POTENTIALS 1 M...
315
SECTION PAGE 3 Potentials on Poles and on Circuits
316
General Law of Movement of Magnetic Shells or of Electric Circuits
318
The Case of Incomplete Circuits
319
Reconsideration of Ampères Laws
321
Cases of Continuous Rotation
322
Potentials on Circuits
323
CHAPTER XX
324
Ampères Theory of Magnetism
326
Solenoid and Hollow Cylindrical Magnet Contrasted
327
Matter Placed in a Uniform Magnetic Field of Force
328
Movements of Small Bodies in a NonUniform Magnetic Field
330
A Long Body in a Non Uniform Field
332
ElectroMagnets
333
Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic Phenomena
334
PseudoDiamagnetic Phenomena
335
Is there Absolute Diamagnetism?
336
Rotation of the Plane of Polarisation in a Magnetic Field
337
Other ElectroOptical Phenomena
340
CHAPTER XXI
342
General Account of Induction Phenomena
343
General Reason for Induced Currents
346
More Exact Reasoning in a Simple Case
347
General Expression for Induced E M F
349
Induction where there is no Initial Current
351
Direction of the Induced Currents Lenzs Law
352
Constant Induced Currents
355
Changes that Give Induced Currents
357
ARAGOS DISC RUHMKORFFS COIL AND OTHER CASES
363
Practical Difficulties to be Overcome
369
Various Phenomena of the Secondary Discharge
376
CHAPTER XXIII
383
Work done per Second upon a Dynamo as Related to the Velocity
415
Earth Currents
424
Telephones with External Source of Current
431
Equivalentresistance
xxxii
76
xxxix
Work and Energy
xlii
82
xlv
91
xlvi
94
xlvii
252
xlix
Microphones
l
204
li
102
lii
103
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Página xxiii - A mass of 2^ kilogrammes loses, each 2\ minutes, a velocity of 300 metres per 2 hours. Express in dynes the force acting. 4. Two forces, of 30 dynes and 40 dynes respectively, act on a material particle at right angles to one another. Find the magnitude of their resultant, and the angle that it makes with the direction of the smaller force. 5. A force of 5000 dynes is resolved into others acting at right angles to one another. One of these is 3000 dynes. Find the other component, and the angle that...
Página 26 - If they are identical in mass and in dimensions, we have simply that m' - O § 4. Laws of Magnetism. — There are two fundamental laws in magnetism. I. Like poles repel, unlike poles attract, one another. This simple observed fact needs no comment. II. The force between two poles varies inversely as the square of the distance between them. It may also be stated that the force between two poles ^ and // is proportional to the product px p'.
Página 217 - Kirchhoff has enunciated in the form of two ' Laws ' the principles that must guide us in such an investigation. Law I. — If any number of conductors meet at a point, and if all currents flowing to the point be considered +, and ail currents flowing from the point be considered — , and if the condition of things be steady, or the potential at the point be not altering, then the algebraic sum of the currents meeting at the point must be zero. Or 2 . C = o.
Página 179 - DanielFs cell. — In this the only essential difference from the above is that we have copper in a saturated solution of copper sulphate, instead of platinum (or carbon) in nitric acid. But it is usually constructed having the zinc and acid in the porous pot, while very often the copper itself forms the outside vessel. The zinc may be surrounded by a semi-saturated solution of zinc sulphate, or of common salt, instead of by dilute sulphuric acid. Here the hydrogen reduces the copper sulphate ; sulphuric...
Página 30 - ... the vertical plane, that passes through the geographical north and south points, is called the plane of the geographical meridian. The earth's field can be resolved into a vertical and a horizontal component in this plane, as we shall see further in § 13. It is the horizontal component that acts on the ordinary compass, so that the magnetic axis of the needle will come to rest in this line. Hence, the plane of the magnetic meridian can also be defined as that vertical plane that contains the...
Página 127 - In the CGS system the unit of work is called, the ' erg,' and is the work done when a force of one dyne is overcome through a distance of one centimetre along the lines of force.
Página xxxviii - ... are connected with a galvanometer and the coil can be made to rotate about one of its diameters. On turning the coil half round, the galvanometer needle is momentarily deflected, but on causing it to rotate in one direction continuously and rapidly no effect is produced. Explain these two results. 4. A plane rectangular iron frame is placed vertically so that it faces due magnetic north.

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