sion of from Scandinavia into central Europe. them to have displaced an older Allophyllian population, they nursed their young strength, preparatory to their intrusion on the historic area of ancient Europe”. From the Scandinavian peninsula, he then supposes Incur- the Germanic race to have issued at a later period, and Germans produced those grand disturbances which ended in the destruction of ancient civilization. Beginning by the displacement of the Kymri from Denmark, they seized upon the centre of Europe, from the Rhine to the Elbe, penetrating like a wedge between the Gauls and Sarmatians, causing a Keltic wave to flow over Central Italy on the one side, and into Britain on the other; and thus intruding the Gallic Cantii, Belgæ, etc., upon the older Keltic races. The pressure of the same Germanic wedge drove another part of the Kelts down the Danube, where they mingled or displaced the Illyrian and Thracian occupants already as early as the time of Alexander the Great. At a later period the Kelts invaded Macedonia and Ætolia under Brennus, and even attacked the Delphic Shrine; some also crossed into Asia Minor, where they peopled Galatia; the displacement of one race disturbing the eqilibrium of the whole chain of races throughout Europe and Asia, until the entire were set in motion, and finally poured as a vast torrent upon the Roman Empire. Such, then, is the Indo-European hypothesis in the form in which it has assumed the greatest degree of consistency and development, by having attempted to add to the physiological and philological, the more definite and sure test of history. Taking this remarkable hypothesis as our basis, we hope in our next article to be able to investigate the problem we have in view—namely, how far have these migrations, if they are correctly stated, left recognizable traces in the languages and mythologies of the existing nations of Europe and Asia, as well as the general subject of the influence of physical circumstances upon the intellectual developments of mankind. We shall then also have an opportunity of making some observations upon the opposite theory of Latham, in which he denies the eastern origin (in the sense of the IndoEuropean hypothesis) of all the European nations. W. K. SULLIVAN. [To be continued.] 129 ART. III.-Structural Characteristics of the Basilicas. THE lica. HE buildings first used by modern society for the special purpose of what was a new worship, were the Basilicas. These buildings were no new invention, nor, on the other hand, were the Christians for the first time collected for worship within them. The basilicas existed under the Empire, and the new society had its meetings in small oratories or private houses, whenever the frequent outbreaks of persecution did not force its members under ground. Of the origin of the title Basi- Origin of lica there are several accounts, and the matter is of little the Basiimportance except as indicating the use of the buildings Its name so termed. Our modern Exchanges seem to come nearest and use. to them, both in form and use, having both a large central space for walking and business, with covered walks or alleys by its side for the special resort of distinct traders or dealers. Besides this, the basilicas were halls of justice, and the recessed space at one end, termed tribune, was the court, with the seat of the judge raised against the centre of its wall, and benches for his assessors, and sufficient space in front for pleaders, and so forth. The side naves or walks were separated from the open centre by colonnades, which, in more splendid buildings, supported galleries appropriated to spectators, the sexes being separated. This is the outline of the basilica in its old state. It was roofed, at least in most instances, with the flat roof raised on coved sides, and thence termed testudo. There was nothing to compare to it among the existing buildings of antiquity for the uses required. Whether, however, these actually existing halls were permanently converted into cathedrals and churches is questionable. They were so used, doubtless, and formed the model for the ancient churches still preserved to us. There is a great deal to be said about the basilicas, not only in the way of very curious and interesting description, but on the principle they exemplify of adapting Princiexisting buildings, or existing models or notions of build- ples they ings, to purposes of worship, and of their other principle, embody. of the taking no account of their exterior in comparison with their interiors. They may be viewed, too, as the grandest examples of Colour. decoration in colours that modern architecture has produced, and in many other respects. Struc ture. It must suffice, for the present, to take a sketch of the various forms, developments, and modifications of these buildings, under their leading structural characteristics. Under this term basilica, we must include a class of buildings not always so named, which involved developments or additions that became the germs of great and wonderful features in the architecture of the greater periods, indeed of the greatest period, of modern art. span The basilica proper is an oblong building divided into three or more naves, the central being the most important, by colonnades, with a raised tribune, a sort of semicircular alcove, called the absis or apse (from the Greek ávaẞaívw). This apse is separated from the naves by a wide transept running across the whole building, and generally extending beyond its limits of width, and ning the central nave by a vast arch, called "triumphal". The apse exactly corresponds to this great arch, and sometimes chapels have grown in the back wall of the transept, corresponding, in like manner, to the arches opening into the side naves, so as to end the vista of all the colonnades with these recesses and altars. In the 1. The earliest churches, however, altars were less abundant than Basilica now, and the central apse was the only one existing. proper. Sometimes the side naves were double on each side (as in San Pietro), forming five with the central nave. Still the basilican oblong form remains in them all. The galleries, however, are not found in the earliest basilican churches. Coins remain which afford a rude representation of the great Ulpian basilica of Trajan, and from this one would gather that the galleries extended all along above the colonnades from end to end in that building. If so, the earlier churches built after these models omitted that feature, and raised the walls of their central nave on arches, or colonnades with flat architraves, under which access was given to the side naves. These naves, with the transept, apse, and raised tribune, under which was a subterranean chapel or "confession", in which the tombs of the saints were deposited, tombs which fixed the site of the church, formed the leading structural features of the basilica proper. Besides this kind of structure, we have round and 2. Other domed buildings, all variously taken after ancient models, particularly the Pantheon and the domed vaults of forms. the larger therma at Rome, which must be considered under the same general head. Though these circular buildings, with their developments of cruciform naves, involve great changes, and principles of construction far more subtle than any needed for the basilica proper, yet they belong to the age and grow out of the others, or are found parallel to them in an unbroken tradition. The same spirit seems to have reigned over the architecture of these first eight or nine centuries of our era, and basilicas, whether Byzantine or Roman, were from a common origin-the monuments of the old Empire. In tracing this connection, we shall be led to consider all the varieties of structure belonging to this serious and imposing style of architecture, which indeed, taken as a whole, it may be doubted whether the grand system of the Lombards and Normans, or the romantic science of the Northern Gothic, surpassed in impressive effect, capacity, and convenience. The first growth made in basilican building, was, as already observed, the transept, which pushed back the apse. To one side, that of the entrance, was attached a square cortile, with open colonnades round, and sometimes a fountain in the centre. In the larger basilicas this seems to have been general, but few of them have survived the changes of so many centuries. This roomy First court surrounded by dead walls, was familiar, from the growth. accustomed arrangements of the Roman dwelling-houses of the more important class. It is still traceable in the mosque of Sta. Sophia of Justinian at Constantinople, the churches of San Vitale at Ravenna, San Clemente at Rome, Sant' Ambrogio at Milan, and other churches of the first nine centuries. It has disappeared from all the great basilicas at Rome, though we may take the double colonnades of modern St. Peter's as the representative of that of the ancient building. The Romans attached distinct baptisteries to their churches. These generally followed the type of the existing circular buildings, from their obvious applicability. That of St. John Lateran, though altered, is still the same in main lines and parts that was built by Constantine, and in which he was said to have been baptized by Pope St. BaptisSylvester. It is octagonal, and consists of an octagonal colonnade supporting a massive architrave, from which rises a second, supporting the octagonal roof. The lower teries. Sta. Cos tanza, etc. Their proto types. San colonnade is surrounded by a wide passage or aisle for spectators. The centre descends by steps into the font. The contemporary church of Sta. Costanza was built for a similar purpose, and was used for the baptism of the imperial family, who were buried in the great porphyry sarcophagus for merly placed in it, but at present in the Vatican gallery. The form of this church is still more elegant. It consists of a circular colonnade of arches on coupled columns, surmounted by a vaulted dome and surrounded by a vaulted aisle. On the same model were built the round church of Nocera and the circular church near Bonn on the Rhine. These were either directly on the plan, or mere modifications, of the circular aulæ of the baths, such as those of Diocletian, three of which still subsist. One forms the parish church of San Bernardo, and another, smaller, was incorporated by Vanvitelli into Michael Angelo's adapted church of Sta. Maria degli Angeli, that of the Carthusian Fathers. These are well constructed vaults of brick. The Pantheon, older than any of them, being so vast and massive that it was only the gigantic mind of Michael Angelo that has since conceived the idea of rearing such a mass into the heavens on piers and arches Another circular church-that of San Stefano on the Stefano. Cælian, said to be an ancient building-is larger than any of these, excepting the Pantheon, but less scientific. It is surrounded by an aisle, but the central part is traversed by walls on which an ordinary timber roof is supported. It was, however, too large and important to serve merely the purpose of a baptistery. Church architecture in Rome made little progress as to type and form beyond this point. Galleries, a marked feature in the basilicas of a more Byzantine character, are rare in Rome itself. Though Though a requisite in Constantinople for the use of women, they are not to be found in the early basilicas of Rome, or with few exceptions. That of St. Agnes is of the earliest age; but the fact of that church being built in the Catacombs, and, therefore, several feet below the surface of the ground, may have suggested it. The galleries surround the church on three leries. sides, and are approached from the ground level. A very curious old church, called that of the Quattro Santi Incoronati, has also galleries on its two sides, ending abruptly at the altar end, so as to leave a regular basilican Gal |