A.D. 1180 Glafs windows began to be used in private houfes in England. 1186 The great conjunction of the fun and moon and all the planets in Libra, happened in September. 1192 The battle of Afcalon was fought, in Judea, in which Richard, king of England, de feated Saladine's army, confifting of 300,000 combatants. 1194 Dieu et mon Droit was first used as a motto by Richard, on a victory over the French. 1200 Chimnies were not known in England. 1202 Surnames began to be used. The nobility were the first who affumed them. 1208 London was incorporated, when the inhabitants obtained their firft charter for electing their Lord Mayor, and other magistrates, from king John. 1215 Magna Charta was figned by king John and the Barons of England. In the fame year the Court of Common Pleas was established. 1227 The Tartars, a new race of heroes, under Gingis-Kan, emerged from the northern parts of Afia, over-ran all the Saracen empire; and, in imitation of former conquerors, carried death and defolation wherever they marched. A.D. 1233 The inquifition, begun in 1204, was trusted to the Dominicans. 1234 The houses of London, and other cities in England, France, and Germany, were still thatched with straw. 1259 Matthew Paris, a monk of St. Alban's, published his history of England. 1264 According to fome writers, the commons of England were fummoned to parliament for the first time. 1273 The empire of the present Auftrian family began in Germany. 1282 Lewellyn, prince of Wales, was defeated and killed by Edward I. who united that principality to England. 1284 Edward II. born at Carnarvon, was the first prince of Wales. 1292 Roger Bacon, of Somersetshire, the natural philofopher, flourished. 1298 Knives with filver handles, silver spoons, and cups, were a great luxury. 1299 Tallow candles were fo great a luxury, that fplinters of wood were used for lights. 1300 Wine was fold by the apothecaries as a cordial. СНАР. CHAP. LXX. SINGULAR OCCURRENCES OF THE FOURTEENTH A.D. 1302 AND FIFTEENTH CENTURIES. HE mariner's compass was invented, or improved, by Givia, of Naples. 1307 The Swiss cantons began. 1308 John Fordun, a prieft of Merns-fhire, pub- 1310 Lincoln's Inn fociety was established. 1320 Gold was firft coined in Chriftendom. It was 1340 Gunpowder and guns were first invented by Swartz, a monk of Cologn. In 1346, Edward III. had four pieces of cannon, which contributed to gain him the battle of Creffy. The fame year, bombs and mortars were invented. 1341 Oil painting was firft made ufe of by John Vaneck. 1342 Herald's college was inftituted in England. 1344 The A. D. 1344 The first creation to titles by patent was ufed by Edward III. 1349 The order of the Garter was inftituted in England by Edward III. and altered 1557. It confifts of 26 knights. 1537 Coals were first brought to England. 1362 The law pleadings in England were changed from French to English, as a favour of Edward III. to his people. 1363 John Wickliffe, an Englishman, began to oppose the errors of the church of Rome, with great acuteness and spirit. His followers were called Lollards. 1385 A company of linen-weavers, from the Netherlands, were established in London. 1386 Windfor caftle was built by Edward III. 1391 Cards were invented in France, for the king's amufement. 1399 Westminster Abbey and Westminster Hall, were rebuilt and enlarged. In the fame year, the order of the Bath was inftituted, at the coronation of Henry IV. and renewed in 1725. It consists of 38 knights. 1400 Died the famous Geoffrey Chaucer, of London, the father of English poetry. 1402 Died John Gower, of Wales, the poet. A.D. 1410 Guildhall, London, was built. 1411 The univerfity of St. Andrew's, in Scotland, was founded. 1415 The battle of Agincourt was gained over the French, by Henry V. of England. 1428 Laurantius, of Harleim, inyented the art of printing, which he practised with separate wooden types. Guttenburgh afterwards invented cut metal types. But the art was carried to perfection by Peter Schoeffer, who invented the mode of cafting the types in matrices. Frederic Corfellis began to print at Oxford, in 1468, with wooden types; but it was William Caxton who introduced into England the art of printing with fufile types in 1474. 1446 The fea broke in at Dort, in Holland, and drowned 100,000 people. 1453 Conftantinople was taken by the Turks, which put an end to the eastern empire, 1123 years from its dedication by Conftantine the Great, and 2206 years from the foundation of Rome. 1454 The university of Glasgow, in Scotland, was founded. 1460 Engraving and etching in copper was invented. 1477 The university of Aberdeen, in Scotland, was founded. 1483 Richard |