upon General Davis's division of Mc- struggle ensued, with varying fortunes Cook's corps, pushing it back and capt- for the combatants. The carnage on both uring a battery. Davis fought with sides was frightful. Attempts to turn the great pertinacity until near sunset, when National flank were not successful, for a brigade of Sheridan's division came to Thomas and his veterans stood like a wall his aid. Then a successful countercharge in the way. The conflict for a while was was made; the Confederates were driven equally severe at the centre; and the back, the battery was retaken, and a number of Confederates were made prisoners. That night General Hindman came to the Confederates with his division, and Longstreet arrived with two brigades of McLaws's veterans from Virginia, and took command of the left of Bragg's army. Preparations were made for a renewal of the struggle in the morning. It was begun (Sept. 20), after a dense fog had risen from the earth, between eight and nine o'clock. The conflict was to have been opened by Polk at daylight on the National left, but he failed. Meanwhile, under cover of the fog, Thomas received reinforcements, until nearly one-half of the Army of the Cumberland present were under his command, and had erected breastworks of logs, rails, and earth. The battle was begun by an attack by Breckinridge. The intention was to interpose an overwhelming force between Rosecrans and Chattanooga, which Thomas had prevented the previous day. An exceedingly fierce II.-I blunder of an incompetent staff officer, sent with orders to General Wood, produced disaster on the National right. A gap was left in the National line, when Hood, with Stewart, charged furiously, while Buckner advanced to their support. The charge, in which Davis and Brannan and Sheridan were struck simultaneously, isolated five brigades, which lost forty per cent. of their number. By this charge the National right wing was so shattered that it began crumbling, and was soon flying in disorder towards Chattanooga, leaving thousands behind, killed, wounded, or prisoners. 129 seen The tide carried with it the troops led by Rosecrans, Crittenden, and McCook; and the commanding general, unable to join Thomas, and believing the whole army would speedily be hurrying pell-mell to Chattanooga, hastened to that place to provide for rallying them there. Thomas, meanwhile, ignorant of the disaster on the right, was maintaining his position firmly. Sheridan and Davis, who had been driven over to the Dry Valley road, rallying their shattered columns, reformed them by the way, and, with McCook, halted and changed front at Rossville, with a determination to defend the pass at all hazards against the pursuers. Thomas finally withdrew from his breastworks and concentrated his troops, and formed his line on a slope of Missionary Ridge. Wood and Brannan had barely time to dispose their troops properly, when they were furiously attacked, the Confederates throwing in fresh troops continually. General Granger, commanding reserves at Rossville, hastened to the assistance of Thomas with Steedman's division. The latter fought his way to the crest of a hill, and then turning his artillery upon his assailants, drove them down the southern slope of the ridge with great slaughter. They returned to the attack with an overwhelming force, determined to drive the Nationals from the ridge, and pressed Thomas most severely. Finally, when they were moving along a ridge and in a gorge, to assail his right flank and rear, Granger formed two brigades (Whittaker's and Mitchell's) into a charging party, and hurled them against the Confederates led by Hindman. Steedman led the charging party, with a regimental flag in his hand, and soon won a victory. In the space of twenty minutes the Confederates disappeared, and the Nationals held both the ridge and gorge. driven back, with a loss of 200 men made prisoners. So ended the battle of Chickamauga. The National loss was reported at 16,326, of whom 1,687 were killed. The total loss of officers was 974. It is probable the entire Union loss, including the missing, was 19,000. The Confederate loss was reported at 20,500, of whom 2,673 were killed. Rosecrans took 2,003 prisoners, thirty-six guns, twenty caissons, and 8,450 small-arms, and lost, as prisoners, 7,500. Bragg claimed to have captured over 8,000 prisoners (including the wounded), fiftyone guns, and 15,000 small-arms. The Confederates were victors on the field, but their triumph was not decisive. On the evening of the 20th the whole National army withdrew in good order to a position in front of Chattanooga, and on the following day Bragg advanced and took possession of Lookout Mountain and the whole of Missionary Ridge. Chickamauga National Park, a public park established by Congress Aug. 19, 1890, in the southeastern part of Tennessee and northwestern part of Georgia; embraces the famous battle-fields of Chickamauga and of the scenes which oc curred around Chattanooga. Both Tennessee and Georgia ceded to the United States jurisdiction over the historic fields as well as the approaching roads. The roads, buildings, and conditions existing at the time of the battles are gradually being restored. A road 20 miles in extent has been constructed along the crest of Missionary Ridge where occurred some of the heaviest actions. The headquarters of the general officers and the positions of participating organizations, batteries, regiments and detached forces of both armies, are marked with inscribed tablets. The erection of monuments to commemorate the smaller organizations has been left to the States and veterans' societies. The park is designed to create a comprehensive and extended military objectlesson." Very soon a greater portion of the Confederate army were swarming around the foot of the ridge, on which stood Thomas with the remnant of seven divisions of the Army of the Cumberland. The Confederates were led by Longstreet. There seemed no hope for the Nationals. But Thomas stood like a rock, and his men repulsed assault after assault until the sun went down, when he began the withdrawal of his troops to Rossville, for his ammunition was almost exhausted. General Garfield, Rosecrans's chief of staff, had arrived with orders for Thomas to take Chickasaw Bayou, BATTLE OF. When the command of all the forces, and, with Gen. W. T. Sherman came down from McCook and Crittenden, to take a strong Memphis to engage in the siege of Vicksposition at Rossville. It was then that burg, late in 1862, with about 20,000 men Thomas had the first reliable information and some heavy siege guns, he was joined of disaster on the right. Confederates by troops from Helena, Ark., and was met seeking to obstruct the movement were by a gunboat fleet, under Admiral Porter, Chickasaw Indians, a tribe of the Creek confederacy that formerly inhabited the country along the Mississippi from the borders of the Choctaw domain to the Ohio River, and eastward beyond the The Yazoo Tennessee to the lands of the Cherokees at the mouth of the Yazoo River, just There is a deep natural ditch extending from the Yazoo below Haines's Bluff to the Mississippi, called Chickasaw Bayou, passing near the bluffs, which were fortified, and along their bases were rifle - pits for sharp-shooters. This bayou lay in the path of Sherman's march up the bluffs, which must be carried to gain the rear of Vicksburg. His troops moved in four columns, commanded spectively by Generals Morgan, A. J. Smith, Morgan L. Smith, and F. Steele. re BATTLE OF CHICKASAW BAYOU. and Shawnees. They were warlike, and were the early friends of the English and the inveterate foes of the French, who twice (1736 and 1740) invaded their country under Bienville and De Noailles. The Chickasaws said they came from west of the Mississippi, under the guardianship of a great dog, with a pole for a guide. At night they stuck the pole in the ground, and went the way it leaned every morning. Their dog was drowned in crossing the Mississippi, and after a while their pole, in the interior of Alabama, remained upright, and there they settled. De Soto passed a winter among them (1540-41), when they numbered 10,000 warriors. These were reduced to 450 when the French seated themselves in Louisiana. They moved on Dec. 27, bivouacked without fire that night, and proceeded to the attack the next morning. The Nationals drove the Confederate pickets across the bayou, and everywhere the ground was so soft that causeways of logs had to be built for the passage of troops and artillery. The Nationals were seriously enfiladed by the Confederate batteries and sharp-shooters. The right of the Union troops was commanded by Gen. F. P. Blair, who led the way across the bayou over a bridge his men had built, captured two lines of rifle-pits, and fought desperately to gain the crest of the hill before him. Others followed, and a severe battle ensued. Pemberton, the Confederate chief, had arrived, and so active were the Confederates on the bluffs that the Na- Wars with the new-comers and surtionals were repulsed with heavy loss. rounding tribes occurred until the middle Blair lost one-third of his brigade. Dark- of the eighteenth century. They favored ness closed the struggle, when Sherman the English in the Revolution, when they had lost about 2,000 men, and his an- had about 1,000 warriors. They joined tagonists only 207. the white people against the Creeks in 1795, and always remained the friends of the pale faces; and, in 1818, they had ceded all their lands north of the State of Mississippi. Some of the tribe had already emigrated to Arkansas. In 1834 they ceded all their lands to the United States, amounting to over 6,400,000 acres, for which they received $3,646,000. Then they joined the Choctaws, who spoke the same language, and became a part of that nation. During their emigration the small-pox destroyed a large number of their tribe. slavery, and in the following year, while in Paris, addressed a memoir to the Société pour l'abolition d'esclavage. He also forwarded a pamphlet on the same subject to the Eclectic Review in London. In 1843-44 he edited (with his wife) the Anti-Slavery Standard in New York. He died in Wayland, Mass., Sept. 18, 1874. Child, LYDIA MARIA, author; born in Medford, Mass., Feb. 11, 1802; educated in the common schools; began her literary career in 1819; and was noted as a supporter of the abolition movement. They did not advance in civilization as In 1859 she sent a letter of sympathy to rapidly as the Choctaws, and had no John Brown, who was then imprisoned at schools until 1851. They were politically Harper's Ferry, offering to become his separated from the Choctaws in 1855, and nurse. This offer he declined, but requesthave since been recognized as a distinct ed her to aid his family, which she did. tribe. Led by their agents, who were Governor Wise, of Virginia, politely reSouthern men, they joined the Confeder- buked her in a letter, and another epistle ates, and lost nearly one-fourth of their from Senator Mason's wife threatened her population, much stock, and all their with eternal punishment. These letters slaves. They gave up 7,000,000 acres of with her replies were subsequently publand for 4 cents an acre, and the money lished and reached a circulation of 300,was to go to the freedmen, unless within two years they allowed the negroes to become a part of the tribe. The latter alternative was adopted, Jan. 10, 1873. In 1899 there were 8,730 still bearing their old name at the Union agency, Indian Territory. See CHOCTAW INDIANS. 000. In 1840-43 she was editor of the Children's Day, or FLORAL SUNDAY, a Sunday set apart annually in June by most of the Protestant evangelical churches in the United States, when the Sunday-school children are given charge of one or both church services. Chickering, JESSE, political economist; born in Dover, N. H., Aug. 31, 1797; graduated at Harvard College in 1818; later studied medicine and practised in Boston, Mass. His publications include Statistical View of the Population of Massachusetts from 1765-1840; Emigration into the United States; Reports on the Census of Boston; and a Letter Ad- Childs, GEORGE WILLIAM, publisher; dressed to the President of the United born in Baltimore, Md., May 12, 1829; States on Slavery, considered in Relation book publisher, 1850-63; editor of the to the Principles of Constitutional Gov- Philadelphia Public Ledger (purchased in crnment in Great Britain and in the conjunction with A. J. Drexel), 1864-94. United States. He died in West Roxbury, He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 3. 1894. Mass., May 29, 1855. Chile. Towards the close of 1890 a Child, DAVID LEE, abolitionist; born in revolution occurred in Chile, South AmerWest Boylston, Mass., July 8, 1794; ica. It was the result of certain abuses graduated at Harvard College in 1817; of power on the part of the President of was later admitted to the bar. In 1830 that republic, and the conflict was carried he was editor of the Massachusetts Jour on with great bitterness between his adnal, and while holding a seat in the legis- herents and the revolutionary party, with lature opposed the annexation of Texas; the Chilean Congress at its head. Early afterwards he issued a tract on the subject in the course of the war almost the enentitled Naboth's Vineyard. In 1836 he tire Chilean navy deserted the cause of the published ten articles on the subject of President and espoused that of the revo lutionists. Among the vessels employed About the same time another complicaby the latter was the Itata, originally tion arose between Chile and the United a merchant ship, but then armed and refitted as a cruiser. In the spring of 1891 this vessel put in at the harbor of San Diego, Cal., for the purpose of securing a cargo of arms and ammunition for the revolutionists. The secret, however, was not well kept, and when it came to the knowledge of the United States authorities, steps were at once taken to prevent her from accomplishing the object of her mission. Officers acting under the neutrality laws seized the vessel and placed a United States deputy marshal on board. Soon afterwards, on the night of May 6, the Itata, disregarding this action of the United States, sailed away from San Diego with the American officer on board. The latter, however, was landed a few miles south of San Diego. The Itata then took on board, from the American schooner Robert and Minnie, a cargo of arms and ammunition which had arrived from the Eastern States, and immediately sailed for Chile. On May 9 the United States warship Charleston was ordered in pursuit, with instructions to take her at all hazards. The chase lasted twenty-five days. The Charleston reached the bay of Iquique first, and there learned that the revolutionists, fearing to provoke the hostility of the United States, had resolved to surrender the Itata to the authorities of that country. A few days later that vessel, upon arriving at Iquique, was promptly given over to the United States officers. She was manned with an American crew, and sent back to the harbor of San Diego, where it was intended she should remain until the settlement of the question at issue concerning her cargo and her responsibility to the United States. The Chilean war, however, was brought to a elose in the autumn by the complete success of the revolutionary forces, and the case against the Itata was allowed to drop. States. While the United States cruiser Baltimore was in the harbor of Valparaiso, a party of her sailors became involved in a riot with the Chileans, Oct. 16, 1891. In the course of the mêlée several sailors were wounded, of whom two died; thirtysix were arrested by the authorities. When the news of the affair reached the United States it created considerable excitement. On Oct. 23 President Harrison despatched a message to United States Minister Egan at Santiago, demanding reparation, and two war-ships were sent to the country. On Dec. 11, the Chilean minister of foreign affairs, Matta, sent a communication, which became known as the "Matta Note." The Chilean request for Mr Egan's recall, and the phraseology of the Matta Note," gave offence at Washington, and in January, 1892, the President despatched a protest to the Chilean government, and on Jan. 25 sent a message to Congress. Meantime at Valparaiso an inquiry was held on the riot, and three Chileans were sentenced to penal servitude. President Montt, who had now been inducted into office, directed the minister of foreign affairs to withdraw the "Matta Note" and also the request for Minister Egan's recall, and Chile paid an indemnity of $75,000. 66 The affair was variously interpreted in the United States: by enemies of the administration as the bullying of a weaker power; by the administration's friends as an instance of a vigorous national policy. During 1893 and 1894 Chile was shaken by several domestic revolutions, during which much American property was destroyed. In November, 1895, Señor Barros, a liberal, formed a cabinet and paid to the United States $250,000 for damage done during the revolutions. In 1896 Chile concluded peace treaties with all her neighbors. CHINA China. From time to time, during the stationed in the northern provinces of latter part of 1899 and the early part of China, of the rapid spread and threaten1900, came disturbing reports, from mis- ing attitude of the Boxers, a secret orsionaries and the representatives of the ganization having for its purpose the exUnited States and the European powers termination of all foreigners and the |