take the rifle-pits. General Grant had ordered a redisposition of his army, making Hancock form the right, to the right of Wright's corps. Burnside was withdrawn entirely from the front and placed on the right and rear of Warren, who connected with Smith. Having made these dispositions on the 2d, it was determined to force the passage of the Chickahominy the next morning, and compel Lee to seek safety in the fortifications around Richmond. The Nationals moved at four o'clock on the morning of the 3d. Wilson's cavalry was on the right flank, and Sheridan's held the lower crossings of the river, and covered the roads to the White House. Orders had been given for a general assault along the whole line. At half-past four, or a little later, the signal for the advance was given, and then 66 Gibbon, who charged at the same time, was checked by a marsh of the Chickahominy which partly separated and weakened his command, and part of them gained the Confederate works, but could not hold them. There was a severe strug gle, and in the assaults Hancock lost 3,000 men. The other divisions of the army were hotly engaged at the same time. The battle was sharp, quick, and decisive." The Nationals were repulsed at nearly every point with great slaughter. It was estimated that within the space of twenty minutes after the struggle began 10,000 Union soldiers lay dead or wounded on the field, while the Confederates, sheltered by their works, had not lost more than 1,000. And so, at one o'clock in the afternoon of June 3, 1864, the battle of Cold Harbor ended. It was one of the most sanguinary River. He was made a brigadier-general struggles of the great Civil War. The Na- of volunteers on May 28, 1898, and given tionals had a fearful loss of life, but command of the 3d Brigade, 2d Division, firmly held their position, with all their at Camp Alger. The unwholesome condimunitions of war. Their loss in this en- tions of the camp caused his resignation, gagement, and in the immediate vicinity and his death, in St. Louis, Mo., July 31, of Cold Harbor, was reported at 13,153, 1899. of whom 1,705 were killed and 2,406 were missing. Immediately after the battle Sheridan was sent to destroy the railways in Lee's rear, and so make Washington more secure. This task he effectually performed, fighting much of the time. Grant then resolved to transfer his army to the south side of the James River. Coleman, WILLIAM T., pioneer; born in Cynthiana, Ky., Feb. 29, 1824; removed to San Francisco in 1849; became known through his affiliation with a secret organization for the suppression of crime in that city, called the Vigilance Committee. In the course of a few months this committee executed four notorious characters, and either drove out of California Cole, THOMAS, painter; born in Bolton- or terrified into concealment large numle-Moor, Lancashire, England, Feb. 1, bers of others. In 1856 public indignation 1801, of American parents who had gone was again aroused by the murder of a to England previous to his birth, and re- well-known editor, James King. The turned in 1819, settling in Philadelphia, Vigilance Committee again became active, where Thomas practised the art of wood- and Mr. Coleman became chairman of engraving. He began portrait-painting the executive committee. In this capacity in Steubenville, O., in 1820, soon wander- he presided at the trials and had charge ed as an itinerant in the profession, and of the execution of four murderers, infinally became one of the most eminent cluding Casey, the murderer of King. For of American landscape-painters. He es- many years this organization was the tablished himself in New York in 1825. dominating power in municipal politics. The charming scenery of the Hudson em- He died in San Francisco, Cal., Nov., 22, ployed his pencil and brush, and orders 1893. for his landscapes soon came from all quarters. From 1829 to 1832 he was in Europe, and on his return he made his home in Catskill, N. Y., where he resided until his death, Feb. 11, 1847. His two great finished works are The Course of Empire and The Voyage of Life, the former consisting of a series of five, and the latter of four, pictures. He produced many other fine compositions in landscape and figures, which gave him a place at the head of his profession. Mr. Cole left unfinished at his death a series entitled The Cross and the World, and was also the author of a dramatic poem and works of fiction. Coles, EDWARD, governor; born in Albemarle county, Va., Dec. 15, 1786; graduated at William and Mary College in 1807; went to Russia on a confidential diplomatic mission for the United States government in 1817. He removed to Edwardsville, Ill., in 1819, and freed all the slaves which he had inherited, giving to the head of each family 160 acres of land. He was governor of Illinois from 1823 to 1826, and during his term of office he prevented the slavery party from obtaining control of the State. Later he settled in Philadelphia, Pa., and in 1856 read a History of the Ordinance of 1787 before the Pennsylvania Historical Society. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., July 7, 1868. Cole, NELSON, military officer; born in Dutchess county, New York, Nov. 18, 1833; subsequently settled in St. Louis, Mo. Colfax, SCHUYLER, statesman; born in When the Civil War broke out he enter- New York City, March 23, 1823; was ed the Union army and served with con- grandson of the last commander of Washspicuous ability in numerous engagements. ington's life-guard; became a merchant's Early in 1865, at the head of 1,500 men, clerk, and then, with his family, he went he led a successful expedition against the to New Carlisle, St. Joseph co., Ind., hostile Sioux, Arapahoe, and Cheyenne where for five years he was a clerk in a Indians at the sources of the Yellowstone country store. In 1841 his step-father, SCHUYLER COLFAX. Mr. Mathews, was elected county auditor, and he removed to South Bend and made quently lectured to large audiences upon men he had known and subjects connected with his long career in public life. His best lecture was undoubtedly that on Lincoln and Garfield. He died suddenly, in Mankato, Minn., Jan. 13, 1885. Collamer, JACOB, born in Troy, N. Y., Jan. 8, 1791; graduated at the University of Vermont in 1810; admitted to the bar in 1813; elected a justice of the Vermont Supreme Court in 1833; served until his election to Congress in 1843; appointed Postmaster-General under President Taylor in March, 1849; elected United States Senator in 1854, and served until his death, in Woodstock, Vt., Nov. 9, 1865. College Fraternities. The principal Greek-letter societies in the United States are as follows: Schuyler his deputy. There he studied law, and finally established a weekly newspaper. In 1850 he was a member of the Indiana State constitutional convention, and the next year was a candidate for Congress, but was not elected. In 1856 the newly formed Republican party elected him to Congress, and he was reelected for six consecutive terms. In DeIcember, 1863, he was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives, and was reelected in 1865 and 1867. In November, 1868, he was elected Vice-President, with General Grant as President. After his retirement to private life in 1873 he fre Virginia Military Institute.. 1869 College Influence. The American college has rendered a service of greater value to American life in training men than in promoting scholarship. It has affected society more generally and deeply through its graduates than through its contributions to the sciences. It has been rather a mother of men than a nurse of scientists. College Settlements, a plan to elevate the degraded masses of large cities. It consists in the establishment in tenement localities of settlements or houses where educated people live either permanently or temporarily for the purpose of work. COLLEGES FOR WOMEN-COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES burg, Va. These colleges had 543 professors and instructors, 4,606 students, seventeen fellowships, 254 scholarships, $6,390,398 invested in grounds and buildings, $4,122,473 invested in productive funds, and $1,244,350 in total income. The second division, which comprised institutions under the corporate name of colleges, institutes, and seminaries, and were largely under the control of the different religious organizations, numbered 132, with 1,933 professors and instructors, 18,417 students, $8,494,071 invested in grounds and buildings, $743,700 invested in productive funds, and $2,080,911 in total income. ing among the poor. The first attempt Randolph-Macon Women's College, Lynchof this kind was made in 1867 when Edward Denison, a graduate of Oxford University, went to live in the East End of London that he might study the grievances of the poor, and do educational work among them. A similar work was done by Arnold Toynbee, whose labors led to his death in 1883, but whose efforts and name were perpetuated by the establishment on Jan. 10, 1885, of Toynbee Hall, in Whitechapel, East London, and afterwards of Oxford Hall. The first college settlement in the United States was founded in New York City in the fall of 1889, by the graduates of several women's colleges. The building, at No. 95 Rivington Street, is located in one of the most crowded tenement districts of the East Side. On May 14, 1891, another settlement was organized in New York by the graduates of Yale, Columbia, Princeton, and other colleges. In October of the same year the graduates of Andover The ological Seminary and other ex-collegians began a similar work in the tenement district of Boston. See ADDAMS, JANE. Colleges for Women. One of the most striking features of the development of higher education in the United States in the closing years of the nineteenth century was the opening of regular courses to women by a remarkably large number of colleges. At the close of the school year 1899 there were 484 colleges and universities in the United States, more than a majority of which had been made coeducational. For the higher instruction of women exclusively there were 145 colleges and seminaries authorized to confer degrees, having 2,441 professors and instructors, 20,548 students and $3,236,416 in total income. The institutions exclusively for women, organized on the general basis of college requirements, were divided into two classes. The first comprised the following: Mills College, in Mills College Station, Cal.; Rockford College, Rockford, Ill.; Women's College, Baltimore, Md.; Radcliffe, in Cambridge; Smith, in Northampton; Mount Holyoke, in South Hadley; Wellesley, in Wellesley-all in Massachusetts; Wells, in Aurora; Elmira, in Elmira; Barnard, in New York City; and Vassar, in Poughkeepsie-all in New York; Bryn Mawr, Bryn Mawr, Pa.; and Colleges in the United States. There were nine higher institutions of learning in the English-American colonies before the breaking out of the Revolutionary War-namely, Harvard, in Massachusetts; William and Mary, in Virginia; Yale, in Connecticut; King's, in New York; College of New Jersey and Queen's, in New Jersey; College of Rhode Island; Dartmouth, in New Hampshire; and University of Pennsylvania. Hampden-Sidney College was founded in 1775, just as the war broke out. In these colonial institutions many of the brightest statesmen of the eighteenth century and beginning of the nineteenth were educated. (See their respective titles.) At the close of the school year 1898-99 collegiate education in the United States was afforded by 484 colleges and universities, of which 348 were co-educational, and 136 for men only; 145 colleges and seminaries for women conferring degrees, forty-three institutions of technology, 163 theological schools, ninety-six law schools, 151 medical schools, fifty dental schools, fifty-one pharmaceutical schools, thirteen veterinary schools, and 393 training-schools for nurses. These institutions combined reported 21,439 professors and instructors and 224,808 students. The universities and colleges for men and for both sexes had 417 fellowships, 7,077 scholarships, 7,096,325 volumes in their libraries, $11,004,532 invested in scientific apparatus, $126,211,099 in grounds and buildings, and $119,632,651 in productive funds, and $19,213,371 in total income. The schools of technology had 567 scholarships, $2, 632,656 invested in scientific apparatus, ed to capture privateers. On Oct. 7, 1864, $12,785,609 in grounds and buildings, and he followed the Confederate steamer $9,078,143 in productive funds, and $3,- Florida into the harbor of Bahia, Brazil, 424,610 in total income. Nearly all of and captured her. Later, as Brazil had the professional schools were connected complained that her neutrality had not with the large universities and colleges, been respected, his act was disavowed. Coland the training-schools for nurses were lins was promoted rear-admiral in 1874, a part of municipal and other chartered and given command of the South Pacific hospitals. The agricultural and mechan- squadron. He died in Callao, Peru, Aug. ical colleges endowed by Congress are in 9, 1875. general connected with State universities, and are officially classified as schools of technology. Colleton, JAMES, colonial governor; was made governor of South Carolina, and given 48,000 acres of land in 1686. It was his duty to exercise the authority of the proprietaries, and enforce the laws which were being violated by the colonists. Upon his arrival in the colony Colleton excluded from the legislative halls all the members of the Parliament who opposed these acts. Later the Assembly defied the proprietaries and the governor, imprisoned the secretary of the colony, and afterwards impeached, disfranchised, and drove Colleton out of the province. Collier, SIR GEORGE, naval officer; entered the British navy in 1761; given command of the Rainbow in 1775, and cruised off the American coast. In 1777 he captured the American vessel Hancock; destroyed the stores at Machias, and thirty vessels on the northeast coast; and later he ravaged the coasts of Connecticut and Chesapeake Bay. On Aug. 14, 1779, he captured the fleet of Commodore Saltonstall on the Penobscot River. He died April 6, 1795. Colman, NORMAN J., agriculturalist; born near Richfield Springs, N. Y., in 1827; began the practice of law in New Albany, Ind., and the editing of an agricultural paper in St. Louis, Mo., in 1871. He was elected lieutenant-governor as a Democrat in 1874, and was United States Commissioner and Secretary of Agricul ture in 1885-89. Colonial Civil Service. See CIVIL SERVICE, COLONIAL. Colonial Commissions. The first of two notable royal commissions to what is now the United States was sent out in 1634. Morton of Merry Mount had made serious charges against the people of Massachusetts before the privy council. That body summoned the council for New England before them to answer the charges. They denied having had anything to do with the matters complained of, and added new and serious charges of their own, declaring themselves unable to redress their grievances. They referred the whole matter to the privy council. A commission of twelve persons was appointed, with Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, at its head, to whom full power was given to revise the laws, to regulate the Church, and to revoke charters. The members of the Massachusetts Company in England were called upon to give up their patent, and Governor Cradock wrote for it to be sent over. Morton wrote to one of the old planters that a governor-general had been appointed. Orders were also issued to the seaport towns of England to have all vessels intended for America stopped. The colonists were alarmed. The magistrates and clergy met on an islCollins, NAPOLEON, naval officer; born and at the entrance to the inner harbor in Pennsylvania, May 4, 1814; joined the of Boston, and, resolving to resist the navy in 1834; served in the war with commissioners, agreed to erect a fort on Mexico; and in the Civil War was placed the island, and to advance the means for in command of the steam-sloop Wachu- the purpose themselves until the meeting sett, in 1863, when that vessel was assign- of the general court. They sent letters 241 Collins, JOHN, governor; born June 8, 1717; was an active patriot during the Revolutionary War; in 1776 was made a commissioner to arrange the accounts of Rhode Island with Congress; in 177883 was a member of the old Congress, and in 1786-89 governor of Rhode Island. He was then elected to the first Congress under the national Constitution, but did not take his seat. He died in Newport, R. I., March 8, 1795. L.-Q |