Affairs. The total estimated expenditure for the fair was $26,000,000. Columbian Exposition." When the question of a site for the exposition came up for determination, the four cities, New The imposing naval parade in New York, Chicago, St. Louis, and Washing York Harbor proved to be an event of surtion, were competitors, and on Feb. 24 passing interest. The fair was opened Chicago, which had given a good guaran- by President Cleveland; a poem, Prophecy, tee of $10,000,000, was awarded that by William A. Croffut, was read, and the honor. Congress at once appropriated usual initiatory exercises occurred, but $1,500,000 towards providing for the suc- several weeks elapsed before all the excessful management of the enterprise. A hibits were in place. Some special featcommission of two persons from each ures of interest were the various conState and Territory was appointed by the gresses which assembled at Chicago. Aside President on the nomination of the gov- from religious and educational reunions, ernors, and also eight commissioners at there was a literary congress in July, large, and two from the District of Co- which discussed copyright and general lumbia, to constitute the World's Colum- literature; the Jews, Roman Catholics, bian Commission. It was directed that negroes, and engineers held special conthe buildings should be dedicated Oct. 12, gresses." In the autumn a monster “par1892. The exposition was to be opened liament of religions" assembled, at which on May 1, 1893, and closed on the last were present representatives of the leadThursday of October in the same year. ing Protestant denominations, as well as In connection with the exposition a naval of the Roman Catholic and Greek review was directed to be held in New Churches, Confucianism, Buddhism, the York Harbor in April, 1893, and the Presi- Brahmo Samaj, Judaism, Mohammedandent was authorized to extend to foreign ism, Theosophy, and Shintoism. nations an invitation to send ships of war to join the United States navy at Hampton Roads and proceed thence to the review. The national commission being chosen, the President appointed ex-Sena tor Thomas W. Palmer, of Michigan, to be permanent chairman, and John T. Dickinson, of Texas, permanent secretary. Col. George R. Davis, of Illinois, was chosen director-general of the exposition. The ground selected in Chicago for the erection of the buildings included the commons known as Lake Front, consisting of 90 acres at the edge of the lake adjoining the business centre of the city, and Jackson Park, containing over 600 acres. All the great buildings, except the permanent art building, were to be erected in the park. The entire work of the exposition was divided into fifteen branches, each of which was placed under the control of a director of acknowledged ability and national fame. These branches included the Bureau of Agriculture, the Departments of Ethnology, Fish and Fisheries, Mines and Mining, Liberal Arts, Publicity and Promotion, Fine Arts, Machinery, Manufactures, Electricity, Horticulture, Floriculture and the Woman's Department, besides the Bureau of Transportation and the Department of Foreign The attendance, despite the business depression, was large from the United States, particularly from the West. The visit of Columbus's descendant, the Duke of Veragua, excited much popular interest, as did that of the Princess Eulalie of the Spanish royal family. Restorations of the caravels of Columbus followed his track across the Atlantic, and were conducted to Chicago by way of New York; another noteworthy restoration was the viking ship, which also made the journey to the fair. The question of the Sunday opening of the fair called forth considerable controversy, and reached the courts. As to the general character of the exposition proper, opinions have varied. No mention of the fair would be complete without a reference to several popular features-the gigantic Ferris wheel and the Midway Plaisance, with its various "villages," Cairo street, etc. Two great fires-one in January, the other in June, 1894-swept away the great buildings, excepting the Fine Arts Building, which has been converted into the Field Columbian Museum, now amply endowed. Columbian Order. See TAMMANY, SOCIETY OF. Columbus, BARTHOLOMEW, elder broth Bartholomew was cordially received at the Spanish Court, and Queen Isabella sent him in command of three store-ships for the colony in Hispaniola, or Santo Domingo. His brother received him with joy, and made him lieutenantgovernor of the Indies. He was uncom monly brave and energetic, and, when his brother was sent to Spain in chains, Bartholomew shared his imprisonment, was released with him, and was made Lord of Mona-an island near Santo Domingo. He died in Santo Domingo, in May, 1515. er of Christopher Columbus; born in voyage. COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER the hands of Columbus the papers of her husband, which opened to his mind a new field of contemplation and ambition. west. Columbus, CHRISTOPHER (Cristoforo Henry's navigators. Mutual love led to Colombo), discoverer of America; born marriage. The bride's mother placed in in or near Genoa about 1435. At the age of ten years he was placed in the University of Pavia, where he was instructed in the sciences which pertain The desire for making explorations in to navigation. In 1450 he entered the the western waters was powerfully stimmarine service of Genoa, and remained in ulated by stories of vegetable producit twenty years. His brother BARTHOLO- tions, timber handsomely carved, and the MEW (q. v.) was then in Lisbon, engaged bodies of two men with dusky skins, in constructing maps and charts, and which had been washed ashore at the making an occasional voyage at sea. Azores from some unknown land in the Thither Christopher went in 1470. Prince Henry of Portugal was then engaged in explorations of the west coast of Africa, seeking for a passage to India south of that continent. The merchants of western Europe were then debarred from par ticipation in the rich commerce of the East by way of the Mediterranean Sea by their powerful and jealous rivals, the Italians, and this fact stimulated explorations for the circumnavigation of Africa. Prince Henry had persisted in his efforts in the face of opposition of priests and learned professors, and had already, by actual discovery by his navigators, exploded the erroneous belief that the equator was impassable because of the extreme heat of the air and water. Columbus hoped to find employment in the prince's service, but Henry died soon after the Genoese arrived in Lisbon. In the chapel of the Convent of All Saints at Lisbon, Columbus became acquainted with Felipa, daughter of Palestrello, an Italian cavalier, then dead, who had been one of the most trusted of Prince These had actually been seen by Pedro Correo, a brother of the wife of Columbus. These things confirmed Columbus in his belief that the earth was a sphere, and that Asia might be reached by sailing westward from Europe. He laid plans for explorations, and, in 1474, communicated them to the learned Florentine cosmographer, Paul Toscanelli, who gave him an encouraging answer, and sent him a map constructed partly from Ptolemy's and partly from descriptions of Farther India by Marco Polo, a Venetian traveller who told of Cathay (China) and Zipango (Japan) in the twelfth century. In 1477, Columbus sailed northwest from Portugal beyond Iceland to lat. 73°, when pack-ice turned him back; and it is believed that he went southward as far as the coast of Guinea. Unable to fit out a vessel for himself, it is stated that he first applied for aid, but in vain, to the Genoese. With like ill-success he applied to King John of Portugal, who favored his suit, but priests and professors interposed controlling objections. The King, however sent a caravel ostensibly with provisions he determined to leave Portugal and ask for the Cape Verde Islands, but with secret aid from elsewhere. With his son Diego, instructions to the commander to pursue he left Lisbon for Spain secretly in 1484, a course westward indicated by Columbus. while his brother Bartholomew prepared to The fears of the mariners caused them to go to England to ask aid for the projected and Medina-Celi. They declined, but the the monarchs at Santa Fé, when the latter recommended the project to Queen Queen sent a little more than $200 to CoIsabella, then with her Court at Cordova, who requested the navigator to be sent to her. In that city he became attached to Donna Beatrice Enriques, by whom he had a son, Ferdinand, born in 1487, who became the biographer of his father. It was an inauspicious moment for Columbus to lay his projects before the Spanish monarchs, for their courts were moving from place to place, in troublous times, surrounded by the din and pageantry of war. But at Salamanca he was introduced to King Ferdinand by Mendoza, Archbishop of Toledo and Grand Cardinal of Spain. lumbus to enable him to appear decently at Court. He explained his project to the sovereigns. He had already, by the operations of a poetic temperament, regarded himself as a preordained gospel-bearer to the heathen of unknown lands. His name implied it-" Christ-bearer "—and hearing that the Sultan of Egypt intended to destroy the sepulchre of Jesus; he recorded a vow that he would devote the proceeds of his explorations to the rescue of that holy place from destruction. He urged his suit with eloquence, but the Queen's confessor opposed the demands of Columbus, and he left Granada-just conquered from the Moors-for France. A council of astronomers and cosmographers was assembled at Salamanca to A more enlightened civil officer at Court consider the project. They decided that remonstrated, and the Queen sent for him the scheme was visionary, unscriptural, to return. Ferdinand said their wars had and irreligious, and the navigator was in danger of arraignment before the tribunal of the Inquisition. For seven years longer the patient navigator waited, while the Spanish monarchs were engaged with the Moors in Granada, during which time Columbus served in the army as a volunteer. Meanwhile the King of Portugal had invited him (1488) to return, and Henry VII. had also invited him by letter to come to the Court of England, giving him encouraging promises of aid. But Ferdinand and Isabella treated him kindly, and he remained in Spain until 1491, when he set out to lay his projects before Charles VIII. of France. so exhausted the treasury that money could not be spared for the enterprise. The Queen declared that she would pledge her crown jewels, if necessary, to supply the money, and would undertake the enter prise for her own crown of Castile. An agreement was signed by their Majesties and Columbus at Santa Fé, April 17, 1492, by which he and his heirs should forever have the office of admiral over all lands he might discover, with honors equal to those of Grand Admiral of Castile; that he should be viceroy and governorgeneral over the same; that he should receive one-tenth of all mineral and other products that might be obtained; that he On his way, at the close of a beautiful and his lieutenants should be the sole October day, he stopped at the gate of the judges in all disputes that might arise Franciscan monastery of Santa Maria between his jurisdiction and Spain, and de Rabida, near the port of Palos, in An- that he might advance one-eighth in any dalusia, and asked for refreshment for venture, and receive a corresponding his boy, Diego. The prior of the convent, share of the profits. He was also auJuan Perez de Marchena, became inter- thorized to enjoy the title of Don, or ested in the conversation of the stranger, noble. and he invited him to remain as his guest. The monarchs fitted out two small vesTo him Columbus unfolded his plans. sels-caravels, or undecked ships-and Alonzo Pinzon and other eminent navi- one larger vessel. Leaving Diego as page gators at Palos, with scientific men, were to Prince Juan, the heir apparent, Coinvited to the convent to confer with Co- lumbus sailed from Palos in the decked lumbus, and Pinzon offered to furnish vessel Santa Maria, with Martin Alonzo and command a ship for explorations. Pinzon as commander of the Pinta, and Marchena, who had been Queen Isabella's his brother, Vincent Yañez Pinzon, as confessor, wrote to her, asking an inter- commander of the Nina, the two caraview with her for Columbus. It was vels. They left the port with a complegranted. Marchena rode to the camp of ment of officers and crews on Friday morning, Aug. 3, 1492, and after a voyage There he was received with great honmarked by tempests-the crew in mortal ors; all his dignities were reaffirmed, and fear most of the time, and at last muti- on Sept. 25, 1493, he sailed from Cadiz nous-some indications of land were dis- with a fleet of seventeen ships and 1,500 covered late in the night of Oct. 11. men. Most of these were merely adventMany times they had been deceived by urers, and by quarrels and mutinies gave presages of land, and what they thought the admiral a great deal of trouble. After were actual discoveries of it. The crown discovering the Windward Islands, Jahad offered a little more than $100 maica and Porto Rico, founding a colony to the man who should first discover on Hispaniola, and leaving his brother land, and to this Columbus added the Bartholomew lieutenant-governor of the prize of a silken doublet. All eyes were continually on the alert. At ten o'clock on the night of the 11th, Columbus was on his deck, eagerly watching for signs of land, when he discovered a light on the verge of the horizon. about the "unscriptural" and "irreligious" character of his proposition, and finally, on May 30, 1498, Columbus sailed from San Lucar de Barrameda, with six ships, on his third voyage of discovery. island, he returned to Spain, reaching Cadiz, July 11, 1494. Jealousy had promulgated many slanders concerning him; these were all swept away in his presence. The nobles were jealous of him, and used every means in their power to thwart his Early the next morning, Rodrigo Tri- grand purposes and to bring him into cena, a sailor of the Pinta, first saw land; disrepute. He calmly met their opposibut the award was given to Colum- tion by reason, and often confused them bus, who saw the light on the land. At by simple illustrations. He had already, dawn a wooded shore lay before them; by his success, silenced the clamor of the and, after a perilous voyage of seventy- ignorant and superstitious priesthood one days, the commander, with the banner of the expedition in his hand, leading his followers, landed, as they supposed, on the shores of Farther India. Columbus, clad in scarlet and gold, first touched the beach. A group of naked natives, with skins of a copper hue, watched their movements with awe, and regarded the strangers as gods. Believing he was in India, Columbus called the inhabitants "Indians." Columbus took possession of the land in the name of the crown of Castile. He soon discovered it to be an island-one of the Bahamas-which he named San Salvador. Sailing southward, he discovered Cuba, Haiti, and other islands, and these were denominated the West Indies. He called Haiti Hispaniola, or Little Spain. On its northern shores the Santa Maria was wrecked. With her timbers he built a fort, and leaving thirtynine men there to defend it and the interests of Castile, he sailed in the Nina for Spain in January, 1493, taking with him several natives of both sexes. On the Voyage he encountered a fearful tempest, but he arrived safely in the Tagus early in March, where the King of Portugal kindly received him. On the 15th he reached Palos, and hastened to the Court at Barcelona, with his natives, specimens of precious metals, beautiful birds, and other products of the newly found regions. He took a more southerly course, and discovered the continent of South America on Aug. 1, at the mouth of the river Orinoco, which he supposed to be one of the rivers flowing out of Eden. Having discovered several islands and the coast of Pará, he finally went to Hispaniola to recruit his enfeebled health. The colony was in great disorder, and his efforts to restore order caused him to be made the victim of jealousy and malice. He was misrepresented at the Spanish Court, and Francisco de Bobadilla was sent from Spain to inquire into the matter. He was ambitious and unscrupulous, and he sent Columbus and his brother to Spain in chains, usurping the government of the island. The commander of the ship that conveyed him across the sea offered to liberate him while on board. "No," he proudly replied, "the chains have been put on by command of their Majesties, and I will wear them until they shall order them to be taken off. I will preserve them afterwards as relics and memorials of the reward of my services." The monarchs and the people of Spain were indignant at this treatment of the |