great discoverer. He was released and Bobadilla was recalled, but, through the influence of the jealous Spanish nobles, Nicolas Ovando was appointed by the King governor of Hispaniola, instead of Columbus. The great Admiral was neglected for a while, when the earnest Queen Isabella caused an expedition to be fitted out for him, and on May 9, 1502, he sailed from Cadiz, with a small fleet, mostly caravels. He was not allowed to refit at his own colony of Hispaniola or Santo Domingo, and he sailed to the western verge of the Gulf of Mexico in search of a passage through what he always believed to be Zipango (Japan) to Cathay, or China. After great sufferings, he returned to Spain in November, 1504, old and infirm, to find the good Queen dead, and to experience the bitterness of neglect from Ferdinand, her husband. His claims were rejected by the ungrateful monarch, and he lived in poverty and obscurity in Valladolid until May 20, 1506, when he died. In a touching letter to a friend just before his death he wrote, "I have no

II.—R

"

place to repair to except an inn, and am
often with nothing to pay for my suste-
nance." For seven years his remains lay
unnoticed in a convent at Valladolid,
when the ashamed Ferdinand had them
removed to a monastery in Seville, and
erected a monument to his memory on
which were inscribed the words, "A Cas-
tilla y a Leon Nuevo Mundo Dio Colon "-
"To Castile and Leon Columbus gave a
New World." He died in the belief that
the continent he had discovered was Asia.
His remains were conveyed, in 1536, to
Santo Domingo, where they were de-
posited in the cathedral, and there they
yet remain, despite a comparatively re-
cent declaration by the Spanish govern-
ment that his remains had been trans-
ferred to the cathedral in Havana. A
noble monument to his memory has been
erected in the city of Genoa, Italy. See
AMERICA, DISCOVERY OF.

Columbus in Cuba.-The following is the narrative of the explorer's visit to Cuba during his first voyage (1492) from his Journal. The Journal was forwarded 257

to the King and Queen, but is now lost.
In his Life of Columbus, Ferdinand Co-
lumbus drew largely from the Journal (see
AMERICA, DISCOVERY OF), and in the sub-
joined abstract we have parts of the the country is high like Sicily.
Journal word for word, with many quota-
tions by another chronicler concerning
what Columbus did and said:

where the sea is rough. He says that the
island is full of very beautiful moun-
tains, although they are not very exten-
sive as regards length, but high; and all

It is abundantly supplied with water, as they gathered from the Indians they had taken with them from the island of Guanahani. These said by signs that there are ten Sunday, Oct. 28-"I went thence in great rivers, and that they cannot go search of the island of Cuba on a south- round the island in twenty days. When southwest coast, making for the nearest they came near land with the ships, two point of it, and entered a very beautiful canoes came out; and, when they saw the river without danger of sunken rocks or sailors get into a boat and row about to other impediments. All the coast was clear find the depth of the river where they of dangers up to the shore. The mouth of could anchor, the canoes fled. The Indians the river was 12 brazos across, and it is say that in this island there are goldwide enough for a vessel to beat in. I mines and pearls, and the Admiral saw a anchored about a lombard-shot inside." likely place for them and mussel-shells, The Admiral says that "he never beheld which are signs of them. He understood such a beautiful place, with trees border- that large ships of the Gran Can came ing the river, handsome, green, and differ- here, and that from here to the mainland ent from ours, having fruits and flowers was a voyage of ten days. The Admiral each one according to its nature. There called this river and harbor San Salvador. are many birds, which sing very sweetly. Monday, Oct. 29.-The Admiral weighThere are a great number of palm-trees of ed anchor from this port and sailed a different kind from those in Guinea to the westward, to go to the city, where, and from ours, of a middling height, as it seemed, the Indians said that there the trunks without that covering, and was a king. They doubled a point 6 the leaves very large, with which they leagues to the northwest, and then another thatch their houses. The country is very point, then east 10 leagues. After anlevel." The Admiral jumped into his other league he saw a river with no very boat and went on shore. He came to two large entrance, to which he gave the name houses, which he believed to belong to of Rio de la Luna. He went on until the fishermen who had fled from fear. In one hour of vespers. He saw another river of them he found a kind of dog that much larger than the others, as the Indnever barks, and in both there were nets ians told him by signs, and near he saw of palm-fibre and cordage, as well as horn goodly villages of houses. He called the fish-hooks, bone harpoons, and other ap- river Rio de Mares. He sent two boats paratus "for fishing, and several hearths. on shore to a village to communicate, and He believed that many people lived to- one of the Indians he had brought with gether in one house. He gave orders that him, for now they understood a little, and nothing in the houses should be touched, show themselves content with Christians. and so it was done." The herbage was as All the men, women, and children flcd, thick as in Andalusia during April and abandoning their houses with all they conMay. He found much purslane and wild tained. The Admiral gave orders that amaranth. He returned to the boat and nothing should be touched. The houses went up the river for some distance, and were better than those he had seen before, he says it was great pleasure to see the and he believed that the houses would bright verdure, and the birds, which he improve as he approached the mainland. could not leave to go back. He says that They were made like booths, very large, this island is the most beautiful that eyes and looking like tents in a camp without have seen, full of good harbors and deep regular streets, but one here and another rivers, and the sea appeared as if it never there. Within they were clean and well rose; for the herbage on the beach nearly swept, with the furniture well made. All reached the waves, which does not happen are of palm branches beautifully con

structed. They found many images in the have sweet water in their houses. Ships shape of women, and many heads like are able to turn in this river, both entermasks, very well carved. It was not ing and coming out, and there are very known whether these were used as orna- good leading-marks. He says that all ments, or to be worshipped. They had this sea appears to be constantly smooth, dogs which never bark, and wild birds like the river at Seville, and the water tamed in their houses. There was a suitable for the growth of pearls. He wonderful supply of nets and other fishing found large shells unlike those of Spain. implements, but nothing was touched. He Remarking on the position of the river believed that all the people on the coast and port, to which he gave the name of were fishermen, who took the fish inland, San Salvador, he describes its mountains for this island is very large, and so beauti- as lofty and beautiful, like the Peña de ful that he is never tired of praising las Enamoradas, and one of them has

it.

graceful mosque. The other river and port, in which he now was, has two round mountains to the southwest, and a fine low cape running out to the west-southwest.

He says that he found trees and another little hill on its summit, like a fruits of very marvellous taste; and adds that they must have cows or other cattle, for he saw skulls which were like those of cows. The songs of the birds and the chirping of crickets throughout the night Tuesday, Oct. 30.-He left the Rio lulled every one to rest, while the air was de Mares and steered northwest, seeing a soft and healthy, and the nights neither cape covered with palm-trees, to which hot nor cold. On the voyage through the he gave the name of Cabo de Palmas, after other islands there was great heat, but having made good 15 leagues. The Indhere it is tempered like the month of May. ians on board the caravel Pinta said that He attributed the heat of the other islands beyond that cape there was a river, and to their flatness, and to the wind coming that from the river to Cuba it was four from the east, which is hot. The water days' journey. The captain of the Pinta of the rivers was salt at the mouth, and reported that he understood from that, they did not know whence the natives that this Cuba was a city, and that the got their drinking-water, though they land was a great continent trending far

to the north. The king of that country, went to and fro between the ships and he gathered, was at war with the Gran the shore all day, and they came to the Can, whom they called Cami, and his Christians on shore with confidence. The land or city Fava, with many other Admiral saw no gold whatever among names. The Admiral resolved to proceed them, but he says that he saw one of to that river, and to send a present, with them with a piece of worked silver the letter of the sovereigns, to the king fastened to his nose. They said, by signs. of that land. For this service there was that within three days many merchants a sailor who had been to Guinea, and some from inland would come to buy the things of the Indians of Guanahani wished to brought by the Christians, and would give go with him, and afterwards to return information respecting the king of that to their homes. land. So far as could be understood from Wednesday, Oct. 31.-All Tuesday their signs, he resided at a distance of night he was beating to windward, and four days' journey. They had sent many he saw a river, but could not enter messengers in all directions, with news of it because the entrance was narrow. The the arrival of the Admiral. "These peoIndians fancied that the ships could enter ple," says the Admiral, “are of the same wherever their canoes could go. Navi- appearance and have the same customs gating onward, he came to a cape run- as those of the other islands, without any ning out very far, and surrounded by religion, so far as I know, for up to this sunken rocks, and he saw a bay where day I have never seen the Indians on board small vessels might take shelter. He say any prayer; though they repeat the could not proceed, because the wind had Salve and Ave Maria with their hands come round to the north, and all the coast raised to heaven, and they make the sign runs northwest and southeast. Another of the cross. The language is also the cape farther on ran out still more. For same, and they are all friends; but I bethese reasons and because the sky showed lieve that all these islands are at war with signs of a gale, he had to return to the the Gran Can, whom they call Cavila, and Rio de Mares. his province Bafan. They all go naked Thursday, Nov. 1.-At sunrise the like the others." This is what the AdAdmiral sent the boats on shore to miral says. The river," he adds, "is very deep, and the ships can enter the mouth, going close to the shore. The sweet water does not come within a league of the mouth. It is certain," says the Admiral, "that this is the mainland, and that I am in front of Zayto and Guinsay, 100 leagues, a little more or less, distant the one from the other. It was very clear that no one before has been so far as this by sea. Yesterday, with wind from the northwest, I found it cold.”

the houses that were there, and they found that all the people had fled. After some time a man made his appearance. The Admiral ordered that he should be left to himself, and the sailors returned to the boats. After dinner, one of the Indians on board was sent on shore. He called out from a distance that there was nothing to fear, because the strangers were good people and would do no harm to any one, nor were they people of the Gran Can, but they had given away their things Friday, Nov. 2. The Admiral dein many islands where they had been. The Indian then swam on shore, and two of the natives took him by the arms and brought him to a house, where they heard what he had to say. When they were certain that no harm would be done to them they were reassured, and presently more than sixteen canoes came to the ships with cotton thread and other trifles. The Admiral ordered that nothing should be taken from them, but that they might understand that he sought for nothing but gold, which they called nucay. Thus they

cided upon sending two Spaniards, one named Rodrigo de Jerez, who lived in Ayamonte, and the other Luis de Torres, who had served in the household of the Adelantado of Murcia, and had been a Jew, knowing Hebrew, Chaldee, and even some Arabic. With these men he sent two Indians, one from among those he had brought from Guanahani, and another native of the houses by the river-side. He gave them specimens of spices, to see if any were to be found. Their instructions were to ask for the king of that land, and

they were told what to say on the part among them. He said that all he saw was

of the sovereigns of Castile, how they had sent the Admiral with letters and a present, to inquire after his health and establish friendship, favoring him in what he might desire from them. They were to to barter with cotton threads and with collect information respecting certain provinces, ports, and rivers of which the Admiral had notice.

Sunday, Nov. 4.-At sunrise the AdThis night the Admiral took an altitude miral again went away in the boat, with a quadrant, and found that the dis- and landed to hunt the birds he had seen tance from the equinoctial line was 42 the day before. After a time, Martin