CUMBERLAND-CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH followed. At length the King himself became incensed against Culpeper, revoked his grant in 1684, and deprived him of office. He died in England in 1719. Cumberland. See MONITOR AND MER RIMAC. place about which clusters many a Civil War incident. It was occupied by Zollicoffer in his retreat, Nov. 13, 1861. On March 22, 1862, a reconnoissance in force was made from Cumberland Fort to this place. The Confederate pickets were driven in, and firing began early in the morning, which continued all day, without any definite results. The Gap was occupied by the National forces under General Morgan, June 18. Skirmishing was of almost daily occurrence. In an engagement, Aug. 7, the Confederates lost, in killed and wounded, 125 men; National loss, 3 killed, 15 wounded, and 50 prisoners, large quantities of forage, tobacco, stores, horses and mules. General Morgan destroyed everything of value as war material, and evacuated the place Sept. 17, and, though surrounded by the enemy, Cumberland, ARMY OF THE, one of the principal armies of the United States during the Civil War. On Oct. 24, 1862, the troops under GEN. WILLIAM S. ROSECRANS (q. v.), commanding the Department of the Cumberland, were ordered to constitute the 14th Army Corps, and the same day the former Army of the Ohio, commanded by Gen. Don Carlos Buell, was renamed the Army of the Cumberland. In January, 1863, the Army of the Cumberland was divided into the 14th, 20th, and 21st Army Corps, and in September of the same year the 20th and 21st Corps were consolidated into the 4th Corps. In he succeeded in saving his command, the following month the 11th and 12th Corps were added to the Army of the Cumberland, and GEN. GEORGE H. THOMAS (q. v.) was placed in command, and at the beginning of 1864 the 11th and 12th Corps were consolidated into the 20th Corps. Cumberland, FORT, ACTION AT. At the head of the Bay of Fundy the British had maintained Fort Cumberland from 1755. In 1776 only a small garrison was there to take care of the public property. Capt. Jonathan Eddy, a native of Massachusetts, who had lived many years in the vicinity of the fort, believing it might be easily captured, applied to the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts for men and supplies for that purpose. These were not furnished, and Eddy returned to Nova Scotia, where he raised a few men, and on the night of Nov. 20, 1776, attacked the fort. Apprised of the movement, the little garrison, prepared, repulsed the assailants. A British reinforcement soon arrived, and the assailants fled in haste. The inhabitants, who had joined the standard of Eddy, soon saw their houses in flames, and then, fearing British vengeance, made their way to New England in a famishing condition. Cumberland Gap, ACTIONS AT. Cum berland Gap is a passage through the Cumberland Mountains, on the line between Kentucky and Tennessee and the western extremity of Virginia. It is a which reached Greenupsburg on Oct. 3. The Gap was occupied by General Bragg, Oct. 22. On Sept. 8, 1863, the place, with 2,000 men and fourteen pieces of artillery, under the Confederate General Frazer, surrendered, without firing a gun, to General Shackleford; forty wagons, 200 mules, and a large quantity of commissary stores were captured. A three hours' skirmish occurred Jan. 29, 1864, on the Virginia road, 13 miles distant. Colonel Love, with 1,600 cavalry, 400 only of whom were mounted, and with no artillery, held his position till dark, and then fell back 3 miles to camp. On April 28, 1865, 900 Confederates surrendered and were paroled here. Cumberland Presbyterian Church, a religious denomination which originated from the efforts of the Rev. James McCready, who settled in Kentucky in 1796 over two congregations in Logan county. and another at Red River, just across the line in Tennessee. Being a man of great zeal and feeling the need of a revival in religion, he began an effective work. In July, 1800, he held what is believed to have been the first camp-meeting. His plan met with rapid success and resulted in numerous camp-meetings, which spread over that part of Kentucky which was then called Cumberland country, now middle Tennessee. Great numbers professed religion in these meetings, and many new congregations were organized, creating a necessity for more ministers. These the tacked Forts Jackson and St. Philip; mortally wounded during the battle; and died four days later, March 18, 1863. Cunard, SIR SAMUEL, capitalist; born in Halifax, N. S., Nov. 15, 1787; established the Cunard Steamship Company in 1838. He died in England, April 28, 1865. Cunningham, WILLIAM, provost-marshal; born in Dublin, Ireland; landed in New York in 1774; became provost-marshal there; and in 1778 had charge of the prisoners there and in Philadelphia. Of the prisoners under his care nearly 2,000 were starved to death (whose rations he sold), and more than 250 were privately hanged, without trial, to gratify his brutal appetite. He was executed in England for forgery, Aug. 10, 1791. regular Presbyterian Church could not supply upon immediate demand. Consequently young men from the district who were adjudged most competent to do ministerial work were selected to carry on the work. These, however, did not meet with the approval of the Presbytery, which held that they were not sufficiently trained either in secular knowledge or in theology. This resulted in dissension and was the main cause of the formation of the Cumberland Presbytery, which was established in Dickson County, Tenn., on Feb. 4, 1810. The Cumberland Church differs little from other Presbyterian bodies in polity, and claims to represent the medium between Calvinistic and Arminian theology. In 1900, this body reported Curfew Bell, the name applied to a 1,734 ministers, 2,957 church edifices, and bell signal introduced in England in 1068. 180,192 communicants. A colored branch It was rung at 8 P.M., and all fires and of this church reported 400 ministers, candles were to be immediately extinguish150 churches, and 39,000 communicants. ed. The curfew was abolished in 1100, The Cumberland Church is established so far as its original purpose was conprincipally in the States of Tennessee, cerned. In the United States there has Missouri, Texas, and Kentucky. Cumberland Road, a famous thoroughfare authorized by act of Congress, March 29, 1806, which directed the President to appoint three commissioners to lay out a public road from Cumberland, Md., on the Potomac River, to the Ohio River. The act also appropriated $30,000 for the work. This road was continued from time to time until 1838, when it reached Illinois and lost its importance by the development of the railroads. Up to that time the cost of the road for construction and maintenance was $6,821,246. In all, Congress passed sixty acts relating to this road. been quite an agitation within the last few years for the enactment of laws providing for the ringing of bells at 9 P.M., as a signal for all youth of a specified age playing or wandering in the streets to return immediately to their homes. several States laws for this purpose have already been enacted, and the name of curfew bell has been popularly given to the signal rung out on a church or fire bell. In Currency, CONTINENTAL. The issue of paper money or bills of credit, not only by the several colonies, but by the Continental Congress, became a necessity when the Revolutionary War began in 1775. The second Congress met in Philadelphia May 10, 1775, and on that day, in sccret session, the measure was agreed upon, but the resolution was not formed and adopted until June 22, the day on which news of the battle on Breed's Hill was received by the Congress. Then it that a sum not exceeding 2,000,000 Spanish milled dollars be emitted by the Congress in bills of credit for the defence of America," and that "the twelve confederate colonies [Georgia was not then represented] be pledged for the redemption of the bills of credit now directed to be emitted." Each colony was required to pay its proportion, in Cummings, AMOS JAY, journalist; born in Conkling, N. Y., May 15, 1841; enlisted in the National army at the beginning of the Civil War, and participated in the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. After the war he was connected with the New York Tribune and was resolved the New York Sun, and was a representative in Congress from 1886 till his death, May 2, 1902. Cummings, ANDREW BOYD, naval officer; born in Philadelphia, Pa., June 22, 1830; appointed midshipman in the United States navy in 1847; was executive officer of the Richmond when Farragut at four annual payments, the first by the "the pasteboard currency of the rebels." last of November, 1779, and the fourth The size of the bills averaged about 31⁄2 by by the last of November, 1782. A com- 24 inches, having a border composed partmittee appointed for the occasion re- ly of repetitions of the words "Continenported the following day the annexed tal Currency." On the face of each bill resolution: was a device (a separate one for each de"Resolved, that the number and de- nomination) significant in design and nominations of the bills be as follows: legend; for example, within a circle a 49,000 bills of 8 dollars each...$392,000 design representing a hand planting a 49,000 bills of 7 dollars each. 343,000 tree, and the legend "Posteritate "-for 49,000 bills of 6 dollars each... 294,000 posterity. Twenty-eight gentlemen were 49,000 bills of 5 dollars each... 245,000 appointed to sign these bills. New issues 49,000 bills of 4 dollars each... 196,000 49,000 bills of 3 dollars each... 147,000 were made at various times until the 49,000 bills of 2 dollars each... 98,000 close of 1779, when the aggregate amount 49,000 bills of 1 dollar each... 49,000 was $242,000,000. Then the bills had so 11,800 bills of 20 dollars each.. 236,000 much depreciated that $100 in specie would purchase $2,600 in paper currency. Laws, penalties, entreaties, could not sustain its credit. It had performed a great work in enabling the colonists, without taxes the nrst three years of the war, to fight and baffle one of the most powerful nations in Europe. And the total loss to the people, by depreciation and failure of redemption, of $200,000,000, operated as a tax, for that A committee was appointed to procure depreciation was gradual. Continental the plates and superintend the printing bills of credit are now very rare-only of the bills. The plates were engraved in the collections of antiquaries. Counterby Paul Revere, of Boston. The paper feits of the bills were sent out of New was so thick that the British called it York by the British by the cart-load, and Total, 403,800 66 $2,000,000 Resolved, that the form of the bill be as follows: No. CONTINENTAL CURRENCY. -Dollars. This Bill entitles the Bearer to receive -Spanish milled Dollars, or the value thereof in Gold or Silver, according to the resolutions of the CONGRESS, held at Philadelphia the 10th of May, A.D. 1775." put into circulation. The following ap- emission of $150,000 to be reduced one peared in Rivington's Gazette: sixteenth a year. Pennsylvania was one of the last-if not the very last-provinces that emitted a paper currency. "ADVERTISEMENT.-Persons going into other colonies may be supplied with any number of counterfeit Congress notes for the price of the paper per ream. They are so neatly and exactly executed that there is no risk in getting them off, it being almost impossible to discover that they are not genuine. This has been proven by bills to a very large amount which have already been successfully circulated. Inquire of Q. E. D., at the Coffee-house, from 11 A.M. to 4 P.M., during the present month." An ill-advised expedition against the Spaniards at St. Augustine, by land and sea, undertaken by Governor Moore, of South Carolina, in September, 1702, was unsuccessful, and involved the colony in a debt of more than $26,000, for the payment of which bills of credit were issued, the first emission of paper money in that colony. In 1723 Pennsylvania made its first issue of paper currency. It issued, in March, paper bills of credit to the amount of $60,000, made them a legal tender in all payments on pain of confiscating the debt or forfeiting the commodity, imposed sufficient penalties on all persons who presumed to make any bargain or sale on cheaper terms one In the course of the French and Indian War, the French officers in Canada, civil and military, had been guilty of immense peculations. At the close of hostilities there was outstanding, in unpaid bills on France and in card or paper money, more than $20,000,000, a large portion of which, the French government declared, had been fraudulently issued. The holders of this currency, payment of which had been suspended immediately after the fall of Quebec (1759), received but a small indemnity for it. Very little money had been circulation in the Massachusetts colony during its earlier years, for what coin the settlers brought with them soon went back to England to pay for imported articles. Taxes were paid in grain and cattle, at rates fixed by the General Court. Every new set of emigrants brought some money with them, and the lively demand for corn and cattle on the part of the THE UNITED STATES of the bills by en- MOLINDYL FAC-SIMILE OF COUNTERFEIT CONTINENTAL BILL 465 new-comers raised the prices to a high pitch. When the political changes in England stopped emigration, prices fell, and a corresponding difficulty was felt in paying debts. In 1640 the legislature of Massachusetts enacted that grain, at different prices for different sorts, should be a legal tender for the payment of all debts. To prevent sacrifices of property in cases of inability to pay, corn, cattle, and other personal goods, or, in default of such goods, the home and lands of the debtor, when taken in execution, were to be delivered to the creditor in full satisfaction, at such value as they might be appraised at by "three intelligent and indifferent men”—one to be chosen by the creditor, another by the debtor, and a third by the marshal. Beaver skins were also paid and received as money, and held a place next to coin in the public estimation. At one time musket-balls, at one farthing each, were made legal tender. A more available currency was found in WAMPUM (q. v), the money of the Indians. In 1645 the legislature of Virginia prohibited dealing by barter, and abolished tobacco as currency. They established the Spanish dollar, or "piece of eight," at six shillings, as the standard of currency for that colony. In 1655 the "piece of eight" was changed from six shillings to five shillings sterling as the standard of for the debts and contracts of the bank; that every association, preliminary to the commencement of banking business, should transfer bonds of the United States to an amount not less than $30,000, and not less than one-third of the capital stock paid in; that upon the proper examination being made into the affairs of the proposed institution, it should be entitled to receive from the comptroller of the currency circulating notes equal in amount to 20 per cent. of the current market value of the bonds transferred, but not exceeding 90 per cent. of the par value of such bonds. It was also provided that notes to an amount not exceeding in value $300,000,000 should be issued; that these notes should be received at par in all parts of the United States in payment of taxes, excises, public lands, and all other dues to the United States, except for duties on imports, and also for all salaries and other debts and demands owing by the United States to individuals, corporations, and associations within the United States, except interest on the public debt, and in redemption of the national currency; that the rate of interest to be charged should be that allowed by the State or Territory where the bank should be located, and that Currency, NATIONAL. On June 3, 1864, any State bank might become a national Congress provided for a separate bureau bank under the act. By an act passed in the Treasury Department, the chief of in March, 1867, it was provided that temficer of which is called the comptroller of porary loan-certificates, bearing 3 per the currency, whose office is under the cent. interest, might be issued to an general direction of the Secretary of the amount not exceeding $50,000,000, and Treasury. It provided that associations that such certificates might constitute for for carrying on the business of banking any national bank a part of the reserve might be formed, consisting of not less provided for by law, provided that not than five persons; that no association less than three-fifths of the reserve of should be organized under the act with a each bank should consist of lawful money less capital than $100,000, nor, in a city of the United States. In January, 1868, the population of which exceeded 50,000, an additional amount of $25,000,000 of with a less capital than $200,000; but temporary loan-certificates was authorthat banks with a capital of not less than ized, and in July, 1870, provision made $50,000 might, with the approval of the for issuing $54,000,000 additional curSecretary of the Treasury, be established rency to national banks. By a law which in any place the population of which did taxed all banks chartered by States 10 not exceed 6,000. It also provided that per cent. on all circulation paid out by such associations should have existence them, Congress effectually drove their for twenty years, and might exercise the notes from circulation. This national general powers of banking companies; paper currency is at par in every part of that the capital should be divided into the United States, and affords the soundshares of $100 each; that stockholders est paper currency ever contrived. In should be liable to the extent of the stock 1875 Congress passed an act making bank currency. |