mitting popular but weak students to take the leading positions. The business manager should be appointed by the faculty adviser. He ought to be a hard-working, intelligent student, who shows an aptitude for business affairs. The election of the editor might be left to the senior class with the provision that the candidates meet the approval of the faculty adviser. The class could offer from four to ten names for the post, and these could be thinned down by the faculty adviser to two candidates, upon whom the class could vote.

The selection of the other members of the staff could be made in the same way, or be appointed by the teachers of the classes they represent. A working staff should consist of a business manager, an advertising manager, a circulation manager, an editor and an assistant editor, reporters for each class or roll room, the editors of the various departments of the paper such as society, sporting, exchange, debate, literary, humor, and alumni.

Duties of the Staff.-The business manager should have charge of the entire financial end of the paper, directing the circulation and advertising managers. He should be responsible for the funds, and should make regular reports to the faculty adviser, who should audit his books from time to time. The advertising manager should solicit advertising, gather the copy, and assist the business manager in collecting the bills. The duties of the circulation manager include signing up subscriptions, keeping accounts of the circulation, and distributing the papers.

The editor and his assistant should decide the policies of the paper, plan the news for each issue, give out assignments, prepare the copy for the printer, write the heads, and make up the paper. The rest of the staff

will act as news gatherers, each covering some special school activity or some classroom.

Preparing for Publishing. The faculty adviser, the business manager, and the editor should decide definitely the size and general typographical characteristics of the paper. A convenient form would be a three or four column quarto, twelve inches long, set in eight-point type, leaded. The volume of the circulation should be estimated, and with this information, approximate bids on the cost of the printing should be obtained from the publishers of the city or the town. A four-page pamphlet such as that described with five hundred circulation, allowing one third for display advertising, should cost from eight to fifteen dollars an issue. With this information at hand, the subscription and advertising rates can be worked out to insure the financial success of the paper. The advertising rates should not drop lower than twenty-five cents an inch and the subscription rate not below fifty cents a year, or twenty-five cents

a semester.

Campaigning for Circulation. The faculty adviser and the staff should make a vigorous circulation campaign, with a view of getting a subscription from each student, each faculty member, and as many citizens and alumni as possible. An assembly should be held to promote the plan, each member of the staff should be enlisted as a subscription agent, and other agents should be appointed until the entire field is covered. The campaign should be carried on briskly, not more than one week being given over to it. Enthusiastic work should bring in within that time orders from every possible subscriber in the field. If some have trouble raising the cash at the time, their signatures and promises to pay should be taken at once and filed.

Gathering Advertising. Under direction of the faculty adviser, the business manager and the advertising manager should make the rounds of the merchants presenting the opportunities of the paper as an advertising medium. A rate card of prices should be made out, giving reductions to those who take fifty inches or more, and this rate card should be strictly maintained, no cutting in any way being countenanced. If the rate is fixed at twenty-five cents an inch, the contract price for fifty inches or more should run about twenty cents an inch. The price of advertising reading notices should be maintained at one cent a word, with a minimum charge of fifteen cents. An effort should be made to induce each merchant to sign a contract for the number of inches he will take during the year.

The Physical Appearance of the Paper.-Care should be taken to have the paper present a quiet, neat appearBold-faced type should be avoided as far as possible. On account of the size of the paper, small type such as the following should be used in the head-lines:

ance.

For News Stories

JUNIORS WIN HONORS IN

FIRST ORATORY CONTEST

Eighteen to twenty letters to a line (count I as half space; M and W as one and a half spaces).

Seniors to Entertain Faculty

Three or four short words

For Feature Departments

WITH THE ALUMNI

III. WRITING FOR LOCAL PAPER

Teachers finding it inadvisable to start a school paper might enlist the support of the local editor in preparing assignments of town or city feature stories for the students, or the better students might be given news assignments. The teacher, of course, would "read copy," and thus train the student in English composition. Writing about live subjects, the student has an incentive to do his best. This is necessary in creative work of any kind.

IV. CONCLUSION

Too often the newspaper editor is forced to the defence: "I must give my readers what they want. I'm sorry the public likes this kind of newspaper, but an economic law compels me to furnish it the commodity it will pay for." Better newspaper readers will make for better newspapers. If a million high school pupils were taught to read their papers with discrimination, were taught to distinguish the significant from the trivial, to place a ready finger on opinion in the news, to regard with disgust those attempts to play upon the baser emotions, the American press would quickly respond.

And herein lies the social value of a study of the newspaper in the schools.

CHAPTER XX

HIGH SCHOOL FRATERNITIES AND THE SOCIAL
LIFE OF THE SCHOOL

JOHN CALVIN HANNA, A.M.

STATE SUPERVISOR OF HIGH SCHOOLS OF ILLINOIS, FORMERLY PRINCIPAL OF THE OAK PARK AND RIVER FOREST TOWNSHIP HIGH SCHOOL,

OAK PARK, ILL.

The Change in the High School.-At first sight the character of the high school in America would seem to have changed radically, thoroughly, and in almost every particular within the last thirty or forty years. The remarkable development in the architecture and material equipment of high school buildings; the extension and strengthening of the courses offered; the increased prevalence of the elective system; the growth of many sorts of unofficial and semiofficial activities such as athletics, periodicals, clubs-all these and many more give so striking an impression of change and contrast that a sincere student of secondary education is likely to come to the conclusion that the high school is not only immensely developed but that it is totally changed in character.

Signs of the Change. When we hear references to action by the "high school faculty"; when we see a newspaper item about such and such a person as "dean of girls" in the Grand Trunk High School; when we know of a Shakespearean comedy or a Gilbert and Sullivan