sterilization. Variations in processing must be used to prevent defective product or loss of product during manufacture. A better knowledge of the characteristics of these milks is necessary for their identification and better methods of processing are necessary to reduce losses and improve quality.

Improvement in quality and stability, and methods of use of powdered milks, through the application of the results of work done under this project have been factors in increasing consumption of these products by approximately 170,000,000 pounds or 300 percent, in 6 years. Further investigation of uses for dry skim milk and of the characteristics of fat deterioration in whole milk powder are essential to a greater utilization of these products.

(7) Bacteriology and chemistry of milk.-The manufacture of all dairy products is based on the control of bacteriological and chemical changes in milk and the results of studies of these changes provide the basis for all laboratory investigation of an applied nature. Work in progress at present on properties of milk proteins gives indications of being of importance in various dairy manufacturing processes, particularly in cheese making. Work on the staining properties of living and dead bacteria is expected to produce results of importance in the study of bacteriological changes in all foods products as well as in dairy products alone. Work on factors influencing the germination and heat resistance of bacterial spores is of practical significance in all dairy processes in which preservation by heat is involved.

Evaporated milk, like all other canned foods, must be sterilized at high temperatures to destroy bacterial spores. If methods may be found for changing the heat resistance of the spores sterilization may be effected with less impairment of flavor, and the present extensive losses due to spoilage avoided.

(8) Nutrition of dairy cows.-The work conducted under this project has for its purpose the determination of the nutritional requirements of dairy cattle (1) for growth, (2) for maintenance of normal health, (3) for normal reproduction and (4) for the process of milk secretion, as well as the most practical and economical methods of furnishing these requirements. It includes a study of the physiology of the above processes as influenced by the nutrition of the animal. The following problems are illustrative of the types of work conducted:

(a) Investigations of the physiology of phosphorus and calcium metabolism of dairy cattle, including work on the mineral requirements of dairy cattle; the effect of mineral deficiencies upon health, reproduction, and milk secretion; the effect of quality of hay upon the assimilation of the calcium and phosphorus in it; the effect of vitamin D content of the diet upon the assimilation of these elements by lactating cows; the feeding of lime and phosphorus supplements, etc.; (b) studies of the energy requirements of dairy cattle; (c) physiology of milk secretion as related to diet; (d) protein and amino-acid requirements for maintenance, growth, and lactation; (e) the dietary requirements of dairy cattle that are furnished by roughages of various kinds and qualities, and (f) the vitamin requirements of dairy cattle, the vitamin content of feeds, and the variation in the vitamin content of milk.

Some of the work under this project involves feeding experiments running for several years. Other work involves metabolism studies lasting from a few weeks to several months. Although the work is directed toward the study of the nutrition of dairy cattle, small animals such as rats and rabbits are also used extensively in the experimental work.

(9) Cheese-manufacturing investigations.-Five hundred million pounds of cheese are produced annually in the United States. Investigations are conducted under this item of the biological and chemical factors involved in the production of the characteristic flavors and physical properties of various foreign and domestic varieties of cheese. It has for its purpose the improvement of the quality of domestic cheese to provide an additional market for milk by replacing 75 million pounds of high-priced imported cheese with cheese of domestic manufacture. As a result of the work conducted under this project a Roquefort cheese made from cows' milk is now manufactured on a commercial scale. Intensive work has been carried on with Swiss cheese, since this variety presents greater difficulties in manufacture, inferior quality causing more loss than in the manufacture of any other kind of cheese. Three Swiss-cheese cultures have been developed which are now extensively used in the industry to improve quality. A method of clarifying milk for the manufacture of Swiss cheese developed in the laboratories is now universally used throughout the industry to improve the quality of the product. The manufacture of cheese from pasteurized milk presents difficulties in developing texture and flavor. These problems 35962-34-14

are being studied with a view to making pasteurization universal. A more recent development is in the packaging of cheddar cheese. The manufacture of American cheddar cheese, 360,000,000 pounds of which are produced annually, is handicapped by the unattractive and inconvenient method of marketing. A method developed in the laboratories in the first successful attempt to provide a satisfactory method of packaging without detriment either to the flavor or texture. It eliminates loss from evaporation of water, inedible rind, and mechanical waste in cutting.

(10) Market-milk investigations. Under this project investigational work is conducted in sanitary and economical methods of producing, transporting, processing, and distributing market milk and cream which is to be utilized in its fluid state, including investigations of the production and farm handling of market milk under experimental as well as practical conditions on dairy farms, and a study of community milk improvement through milk control and extension agencies on the area plan; investigations of the construction, equipment, and economical operation of milk plants for the processing and preparation for the market of fluid milk and cream; and investigations in the laboratory and in commercial dairy farms and plants to ascertain factors affecting the marketability of milk and cream.

The purposes of these investigations are to prevent losses due to souring, spoilage, and other causes, and to increase the market value of milk; to increase consumption of milk; to make rural and urban milk supplies more safe; to effect economies in initial investments and operating costs of milk plants so as to reduce the spread between producers' and consumers' prices through greater efficiency in plant operation; to discover undesirable practices which impair the market qualities of milk and cream, and to devise remedial measures.

P.W.A. AND C.W.A. FUNDS APPLICABLE UNDER THIS HEADING

Allotments under the National Industrial Recovery Act aggregating $262,420 ($173,670 prior to November 1, 1933, and $88,750 subsequent to that date) have been made for physical improvements at dairy experiment stations for the construction of dairy buildings and laboratories; repairs to buildings, extension of water, sewer, and electric systems, procurement and installation of equipment and apparatus, and clearing, draining, and fencing land, as follows:

Allotments under the Federal Civil Works Administration aggregating $105,990 have been made for land, road and equipment improvement at the dairy experi ment stations, and for overhead expenses in the District of Columbia as follows: Louisiana, Jeanerette..

Maryland, Beltsville..

Montana, Huntley_

Oklahoma, Woodward_

Tennessee, Lewisburg

North Dakota, Mandan.

District of Columbia..

Total..

GENERAL STATEMENT

$3,750 80, 600

Mr. SANDLIN. Is there any change in this item?

Dr. REED. The only change there is the increase for the 5 percent

salary restoration.

Mr. SANDLIN. The increase of $11,883 is an account of the 5 percent salary restoration.

Dr. REED. Yes, sir.

Mr. KEMPER. That is the net increase due to the 5 percent salary restoration. There is a reduction of $9,862.

Dr. REED. We have a cut of $9,862. Deducting that from the increase necessary to restore 5 percent of the salary reduction, makes $11,883 the net increase in the Budget. There are two items cut out. Mr. CANNON. He refers to a decrease of $9,000. Where is that? Dr. REED. One item is a reduction for breeding, feeding, and management work and the other is the elimination of the item of $4,825 for the Missouri station.

Mr. SANDLIN. We will be glad to have a statement about the general activities of your Bureau.

Dr. REED. Our work has been going on pretty much as it has in the past. We have slightly decreased the funds for one line of workthe feeding and breeding project by $5,037, and as stated, the other decrease is $4,825, due to the proposed discontinuance of the Federal station in Missouri, known as the Hatch station. That station was established 2 years ago, and when we were asked to curtail our work, we cut off the station that was last established. The Missouri station was the last station established, and it was the one which could be best discontinued as the work had not progressed far enough to make its discontinuance any real loss now in the way of information. Mr. CANNON. Did you discontinue a station in any other State? Dr. REED. Not this year.

Mr. CANNON. What stations did you discontinue last year? Dr. REED. Two years ago we discontinued the Ardmore, S.Dak., station.

Mr. Cannon. What work was carried on there?

Dr. REED. It was the same line of work-breeding, feeding, and management work. We had a herd of Holstein cattle there.

Mr. CANNON. At what place are you conducting the same character of work you are now carrying on at the Hatch station, in Missouri? Dr. REED. At the Beltsville, Md., station, the Huntley station in Montana, and similar stations in North Dakota, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Louisiana, and South Carolina. At Lewisburg, Tenn., the Government owns the land. We have Jersey cattle there. It is in the blue grass region, which is somewhat similar to the Missouri station. We have Jersey cattle at both of these stations.

At the Hannibal, Mo., station we cooperate with the University of Missouri. At the Lewisburg, Tenn., station there is no cooperation. It was started on a cooperative basis but the State cooperation was withdrawn on account of lack of funds. The South Carolina station is in the Sandhill region. At that station we have a herd of Guernsey cattle.

Mr. CANNON. Why are you continuing those stations? Why do you not concentrate the work in one central station, as, for example, at the Beltsville station or the Tennessee station? What is the occasion for maintaining stations in various parts of the country? Dr. REED. These stations were provided for by Congress, and we were given funds with which to operate them.

Mr. CANNON. It was done upon your recommendation, I suppose. Mr. SANDLIN. Sometimes it was done in spite of their opposition. Mr. CANNON. Upon what ground were they established? There must have been some justification for them.

Dr. REED. I do not know how to explain the establishment of the first ones. We have turned down a great many stations. When we have a station in a certain region and requests come in for others in the same region, we turn them down, because the region is already represented. Three years ago there were requests for a dozen or more of these stations, and for other stations in the same States, but we turned them down because the particular regions were already being served. For instance, the station in South Carolina serves the Sandhill region down there. We have had requests for other stations in that section, but we have held that to be a regional station. The Tennessee station was established to serve the blue-grass region, and the Louisiana station is representative of the cane sugar and Cotton Belt.

Mr. CANNON. As a matter of fact, these stations are operated and maintained at different places because of varying climatic conditions varying soil conditions and other differing environment which make it advisable to maintain stations for experiments in the different localities, so as to assemble comprehensive data applying to the whole country.

Dr. REED. I think that is what was intended.

Mr. CANNON. You have different varieties of cattle to deal with, different infections, and you have a different character of pasture and forage. For those reasons you are justified in maintaining the same kind of experiments in different parts of the United States. Necessarily you get different results on account of the different conditions. Do you not consider the varying conditions found in Missouri, which is a great dairying State as justifying a station there?

Dr. REED. They justified it at its inception on that basis; but, as I say, in these estimates we were urged to cut down, to cut our appropriations here and there, and to cut off the work at places where, perhaps, it had not been going on so long that it could not be picked up again somewhere else. It could be picked up there again at a later date.

CLOSING OF HATCH STATION, MISSOURI

Mr. CANNON. Do you not think that this is rather short-sighted economy? You have been conducting the Hatch station since 1930. That is so short a period that the information you have collected there would be practically worthless unless continued. By discontinuing the work there, you are throwing into the discard not only the work already done but the expenditures that you have made for 3 years. You are also incurring the expense of transferring this herd and such movable equipment as you have; so that by the time you are through, you will have lost rather than saved, because you will have spent and lost vastly more than the small amount of this appropriation in making the transfer.

Dr. REED. In the long run we will save.

Mr. CANNON. Instead of an economy being practiced here, we would be really sacrificing a considerable value. There is another question, in this connection, Doctor: For whom was this station named?

Dr. REED. For Mr. Hatch-former Congressman Hatch.
Mr. CANNON. May I ask who Mr. Hatch was?

Dr. REED. Mr. Hatch, perhaps, originated more bills relating to agriculture than any other one Congressman. He was the author of the Hatch Act.

Mr. CANNON. As a matter of fact, is he not the man who initiated this movement for Federal aid under which the present system is operated?

Dr. REED. I do not have a complete record of the bills he put through Congress relating to agriculture.

Mr. CANNON. It is a great record in the history of agricultural legislation, and a landmark in the history of the Congress.

Dr. REED. Yes, sir; absolutely. His principal contribution, or the one that is most noted, is the Hatch Act, which provided means for investigational work, or for real fundamental research work in agriculture. That is the act that bears his name.

Mr. CANNON. Do you not think that the disestablishment of this station-this one station out of all the other agricultural stations in the United States-smacks of rank ingratitude and a lack of appreciation of a distinguished service both to the Department and to agriculture?

Mr. SANDLIN. That is a leading question. He is your witness. Mr. CANNON. You will take notice that he is appearing for the prosecution and I am for the defense.

Mr. HART. Let me ask you a few questions: Does the State of Missouri have a dairy station?

Dr. REED. Yes, sir.

Mr. HART. Where is it located?

Dr. REED. At Columbia.

Mr. HART. How far from where this Hatch station is located?

Dr. REED. Something less than 100 miles.

Mr. HART. Does it serve the same purpose that the Hatch station serves?

Mr. HART. How many head of cattle do you have at the Hatch station?

Dr. REED. Twenty-eight at the present time.

Mr. HART. Do you have that many at the Hatch station?

Dr. REED. Yes, sir.

Mr. HART. You have not discontinued it as yet?

Dr. REED. No, sir.

Mr. HART. It is still in operation?

Dr. REED. Yes, sir.

Mr. HART. How many head of cattle do they have at the Columbia Experiment Station?

Dr. REED. I do not know. We do not have any connection with the University of Missouri.

Mr. HART. You do not collaborate with them at all?

Dr. REED. No, sir; except at the Hatch Experiment Station.
Mr. HART. You could get the use of their records?

Dr. REED. The records cover a different line of work. A part of this work is a long-time breeding program. At the university station, they have their own programs, and the cattle there are used for teaching as well as investigational work. The investigational work is mixed up with the teaching work. At the Hatch station we have purely investigational work. That is the difference between the two stations. As I have said, the State is cooperating with us.