(c) Business operations. (d) Approval and editing of publications. (e) Preparation and distribution of general information, including reports and publications. (f) Maintenance of a comprehensive library of literature on entomology. Handling of general information relating to Federal quarantine and the preparation of cases on quarantine violations. Mr. SANDLIN. The appropriation for general administrative expenses for 1934 was $206,704, and the estimate for 1935 is $149,109. Is that correct? Mr. STRONG. Yes, sir. Mr. SANDLIN. There is a reduction of $24,184 in the working fund for 1935. You have a statement on page 164 of the justifications which shows what that includes. Mr. STRONG. Yes, sir. That saving is on account of the consolidation of the two administrative units of the Bureaus of Entomology and Plant Quarantine and the units transferred from the Bureau of Plant Industry. Mr. SANDLIN. I notice you have a change in the language. You say in the justifications The language proposed in the Budget estimate for this item is identical with that carried for the same purposes for the Bureaus of Entomology and Plant Quarantine in the act making appropriations for the fiscal year 1934 with the exception that the words "in the District of Columbia" have been eliminated in the interest of simplification. Mr. STRONG. Of course, there was a separate set-up of language for the Bureau of Plant Quarantine, and then a separate set-up of language for the Bureau of Entomology. With the consolidation of those two Bureaus, the language had to be brought together in the set-up for one Bureau. That is what this language does. Mr. SANDLIN. That is the language that appears on page 262 of the bill. Mr. STRONG. That is the language that applies here. Mr. SANDLIN. Have you any other statement in regard to the appropriation for general administrative expenses, other than what you have supplied for the Record? Mr. STRONG. I think that covers it. FRUIT INSECTS Mr. SANDLIN. The next item is for fruit insects, as follows: For insects affecting fruits, grapes, and nuts, $320,759. The current appropriation for this purpose is $366,000. Mr. STRONG. The following statement is presented for the record. Appropriation: 1932 1933_ 1934 Estimated obligations, 1934. Budget estimate, 1935... Decrease, budget, 1935, compared with estimated obligations, Includes $55,000 reappropriated from 1931 appropriation. $540, 939 1 456, 152 1 425, 500 321, 195 320, 759 436 The reduction of $104,741 in the estimate of $320,759 for 1935, below the appropriation of $425,500 for 1934 consists of: Impoundment of 6% percent of 15 percent pay cut. Further reduction in working funds for 1935 5 percent salary restoration.... The reduction of $15,056 in working funds for 1935 includes: - $20, 325 -83, 980 -15, 056 +14, 620 - 104, 741 (a) A decrease of $1,301 in the project for dried fruit insects.-This decrease contemplates a reduction in clerical help required in general administration of research and is possible by regrouping of investigations on insects affecting stored products. (b) A decrease of $13,755 for research on the Japanese beetle. This decrease contemplates: (1) The discontinuance of surveys in the infested areas to determine the relative abundance of the Japanese beetle and its increase in the area where it has been established for considerable periods; (2) the discontinuance of studies on climate to aid in appraising of the possible importance of the beetle in different uninfested areas of the United States; (3) the discontinuance of investigations on methods of increasing the effectiveness of traps and baits; (4) the discontinuance of examinations of plots of treated turf to determine the length of time various treatments will be effective; (5) the discontinuance of studies on methods of preventing beetles from depositing eggs in nurseries; (6) the discontinuance of studies to determine the effect of native parasites and predators of the beetle; and (7) curtailment of work on the colonization of imported parasites CHANGE IN LANGUAGE The change of language proposed in the Budget estimate eliminating the words "and shade tree" from the title and the words "shade tree, hardy shrubs, and including research on the Asiatic and Japanese beetles, and the Parlatoria date scale, and fruit flies, $366,000, together with $55,000 of the unexpended balance of the appropriation for Mediterranean fruit fly contained in the Agricultural Appropriation Act for the fiscal year 1931" is explained as follows: (a) The change in title and the elimination of the words referring to investigations on insects affecting shade trees and hardy shrubs contemplates grouping research on these pests with that carried on under the item "Forest insects.' Many of the insects which attack shade trees are the same as those which attack forest trees. (b) The reference to specific insects such as the Japanese and Asiatic beetles, Parlatoria date scale, and fruit flies is eliminated in the interest of simplification and should avoid possible confusion with control or regulatory activities on these pests conducted under other items. (c) The elimination of the words authorizing the reappropriation of portion of an unexpended balance is proposed since amount of the estimate provides funds for investigations on fruit flies. WORK DONE UNDER THIS APPROPRIATION This appropriation provides for investigations on insects affecting fruit, fruit trees, nuts, grapes, and related small fruits having their seeds internally such as blueberries, cranberries, etc. These activities include research to develop methods for the control of such pests as the Japanese and Asiatic beetles, various species of fruit flies, the codling moth and other pests of apples, oriental fruit moth, plum curculio and other pests of peaches, grapeberry moth and other pests of grape and numerous insect pests attacking nuts and dried fruits and various pests of subtropical fruits such as oranges, dates, etc. One of the more important activities carried on under this appropriation is concerned with the development of methods of control of such pests of fruits as codling moth, grapeberry moth, plum curculio, etc., so as to eliminate injurious spray residues. The importance of experiments to develop methods of controlling certain species of fruit flies which occur in countries outside of the United States is emphasized by the recent capture at Key West, Fla., and in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, of specimens of foreign fruit flies which are potential pests of major importance. The rapid spread of the oriental fruit moth, an introduced pest which attacks many kinds of deciduous fruits and the absence of fully effective artificial controls emphasized the need for continuing investigations on it including importation and distribution of its parasites. The investigations on the numerous important insect enemies of fruits, nuts etc., are coordinated with or carried on in cooperation with various State agencies. Field laboratories are located at: Wenatchee, Wash.; Fresno and Whittier, Calif.; Brownwood, Tex.; Shreveport, La.; Orlando, Fla.; Fort Valley and Albany, Ga.; Vincennes, Ind.; Takoma Park, Md.; and Moorestown, N.J. ALLOTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS ADMINISTRATION FUNDS APPLICABLE UNDER THIS HEADING (1) The sum of $14,450 has been allotted from the Federal Emergency Adminis. tration of Public Works, for physical improvements at the following two stations (a) Fourteen thousand one hundred dollars for the construction and repairing of a greenhouse, storage sheds, insectaries at Moorestown, N.J., for use in connection with investigations on the Japanese beetle. (b) Three hundred and fifty dollars for the construction of a temporary insectary at Albany, Ga. to be used in connection with investigations on pecan insects. (2) The sum of $1,200 has been received from the Agricultural Adjustment Administration. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration in the interest of the expansion of the markets and reduction of surplus for certain grades of tobacco, has allotted $1,200 for the testing of certain insecticides made of tobacco byproducts to determine their effectiveness for the control of the codling moth. This money supplements experimental work carried on at the laboratory at Takoma Park, Md., and the laboratory at Vincennes, Ind. (3) Civil Works construction projects.-The Civil Works Administration has authorized a project to remodel and alter Government-owned laboratories and insectaries at Moorestown, N.J. These structures were used in connection with investigations on the Oriental fruit moth and the Japanese beetle. The estimated cost of this work is $20,000. It provides employment for approximately 114 men and authorizes expenditures for items other than labor amounting to $5,500. Mr. SANDLIN. Is there anything further on that item? Mr. STRONG. That is the work that deals with insects affecting fruit crops. This also involves a study of insects affecting dried fruit. It covers fruit flies including the Mediterranean fruit fly. conducting an investigation of the Mediterranean and melon fruit flies in Hawaii, of the Mexican fruit fly in Mexico and Central America, and we are doing some work in connection with fruit flies in the Canal Zone. We have just recently sent a man to Puerto Rico to work on two or three species of fruit flies there. CONTROL OF CODLING MOTH One of our most important problems under this fund at this time is the control of the codling moth. That is on account of the danger arising from insecticidal residues remaining on the fruit where lead arsenate sprays are used, and, also, on account of the fact that the codling moth population has built up tremendously during the past several years. We are having increasing difficulty in the control of that pest. Mr. CANNON. Is that on account of the weather? Mr. STRONG. The weather has been extremely favorable to the codling moth. There has been some feeling that there were strains of the insect that become somewhat resistant to the spray treatment. Whether that is true, or not, I am not able to say. Our efforts are now more particularly directed to the control of the codling moth with less use of those sprays that are toxic to humans. The Bureau of Chemistry has been working on insecticides that are less dangerous to human life than the sprays in common use. In other words, we are trying to find a substitute for lead arsenate, but so far without much success. We are trying also to get orchardists to adopt methods looking to the cleaning up of the orchards, banding, scraping, and pruning trees, and cleaning up the debris in the orchards in order to destroy codling moth larvae. That is one of the most important projects under this particular item. Mr. CANNON. Undoubtedly, the codling moth is the most destructive insect with which we have to deal in fruit production throughout the United States. Its injury is more widespread than that of any other insect. As a matter of fact, the time has come in my State when we cannot produce apples without spraying for the codling moth. Now, you are trying to devise some substitutes for lead arsenate, but the only substitute that you have ever seriously suggested to us for lead arsenate is calcium arsenate. That does not seem to be as effective as the lead arsenate. You were also going to give us some solvent or re-agent which would dissolve the lead, but so far it has not been found. Hydrochloric acid washes off the arsenic, but it has no effect on the lead. What progress have you made in that direction? Mr. STRONG. Calcium arsenate has never been recommended to absolutely take the place of lead arsenate. We have tried calcium arsenate at a number of places. Mr. CANNON. It has been tried in my State during the last few years, but it does not destroy the fly. Mr. STRONG. We have had varying effects from calcium arsenate. We have had nothing uniform enough to justify a recommendation that calcium arsenate be substituted for lead arsenate. In fact, we have had bad burning in some sections from calcium arsenate. We have tried to meet that by using lead arsenate for certain sprays, and then using calcium arsenate later on, thinking probably there would not be so much residue left. The progress we have made has been more in the direction of developing promising trends. We have not made sufficient progress to say to the grower, "Instead of using lead arsenate, use some other spray." We have found some promising leads in the use of nicotine. Mr. CANNON. That is too expensive. Mr. STRONG. Yes, sir; we realize that. Mr. CANNON. Is it as effective as lead arsenate, even if it could be supplied economically? Mr. STRONG. I cannot say yet. There is some promise that we may get some results there. Mr. CANNON. It is efficacious for aphis, but not for the codling moth. In other words, we have nothing that takes the place of lead arsenate. Mr. STRONG. No, sir. Mr. CANNON. What is your present tolerance? Mr. STRONG. Last year the tolerance for lead was 0.02, and this year, in 1934, it is 0.019. Mr. CANNON. What is the tolerance for arsenic? Mr. STRONG, Last year for arsenic it was 0.01 and this year it is the saine. Mr. CANNON. I wonder if you have gathered any data tending to show the disadvantage of the tolerance at 0.02. Was their any evidence of arsenical poisoning? Mr. STRONG. I do not know of any. If there were any data assembled, it would be in the hands of the Food and Drug Administration of the Department. Mr. CANNON. In families which have engaged in orcharding for generations, the children have had free access to the orchards from the time the trees bloom until the last of the fruit is gathered. They eat the apples from the trees, with no thought of removing the spray residues and I have never known of a single instance in which any child showed any ill-effects from the consumption of apples before or since the tolerance was established. The Department should supply some proof of the removal of a menace to health by enforcement of the tolerance. Mr. STRONG. I do not have that data. Mr. CANNON. I do not think you could find a better laboratory than the children running through the orchards from spring to fall, eating apples from the time they are ripe, without washing. Mr. HART. Probably they did not have enough profit in it with the tolerance at 0.02, and so they decided to reduce it. Mr. CANNON. It certainly has not been justified by the results. Mr. SINCLAIR. Is that what brought about the trouble in the foreign markets? Mr. CANNON. Apparently the agitation first started here, went across the ocean, and came back. Mr. STRONG. In some sections, the codling moth is so abundant that 8, 9, or 10 sprays with lead arsenate are not controlling it today. Mr. THURSTON. Have you ever found an apple with arsenate in it? Mr. STRONG. I have not. I would not know that it was there. It would have to be chemically analyzed, and that is a part of the operation that I do not have anything to do with. Mr. CANNON. The tolerance applies only to fruit in interstate commerce. A large part of the product of the orchard is consumed within the State where it is produced, and the tolerance does not apply. It is only when the apple goes into interstate commerce that this law becomes effective. You can feed any amount of spray residue to the consumer within the State, and the Federal regulation would not apply. As a matter of fact, the amount of residue remaining is so small and so harmless that there is no occasion for such a regulation. There are no cases of poisoning on record, and no cases on record to show that any deterioration of health has been traced directly to this cause. SHADE TREE INSECT WORK TRANSFERRED TO DIVISION OF FOREST INSECTS Mr. SANDLIN. I notice in the item for fruit insects, on page 264, the language cut out includes the words "and shade tree." Mr. STRONG. There was about $11,000 that was in this same division. This was the Division of Fruit and Shade-Tree Insects, and it seemed to me more logical that work on shade-tree insects should be carried out in the division dealing with forest insects; so that that item was transferred over to the Division of Forest Insects, and then the language was cut out entirely. I should have pointed out to start with, perhaps, that one division, the Division of Household and Stored Products Insects, was split up and the work reassigned to other divisions in the Bureau of Entomology. In this division there was work on household insects and on |