Columbia was $2,800 a year. That sounds too high, and upon reference to table no. 19 of the Budget for 1935 (pp. A122 and A123) I find that there are 53,000 employees listed in the departmental service in Washington, and that number divided into the total pay roll—— Mr. CANNON (interposing). You are speaking only of those under the civil service?

Mr. JUMP. No, sir.

Mr. CANNON. I was speaking of those under the classified civil service.

Mr. Jump. This statement covers the entire Government establishment, including the Executive Office, independent establishments, and executive departments, but excluding the legislative establishment, the District of Columbia, and the military. I simply divide the total number of employees shown there, that number being 53,000, into the total pay roll of $103,000,000. Then, after making a deduction of the pay cut, you will find that the average salary is approximately $1,900.

Mr. CANNON. All right. That demonstrates conclusively the point we were discussing. During the war the average salary was $1,500 and the farmer was receiving $2.40 a bushel for his wheat and $23.50 for his hogs. Now the average salary is $1,900 according to your figures and the farmer is receiving 80 cents for his wheat and $3.35 for his hogs. I am not urging a reduction of salaries. But if labor and industry and the Federal employees would join in a movement to give the farmer a fair wage and a fair price for his productif they would treat the disease instead of the symptom-the whole country would soon be prosperous again and everybody would be getting what they earned and enjoying general prosperity. You can't sell when there is nobody to buy and you must give the farmer the buying power he is entitled to receive if you expect to end the depression. The Department of Agriculture can contribute to that end by stressing the facts in its press releases, by showing that while the farmer is receiving a million dollars more than he received last year, he is receiving $7,000,000 less than when Government employees were receiving an average salary of $1,500 a year. I was hoping that in your publicity work some stress would be laid upon the fact that the farmer is not well off because he has received a dollar or two of additional income when in fact his income has decreased 10 or 20 times that amount since 1920.

Mr. EISENHOWER. I think that, so far as our mail is concerned, taking the complaints that come to my office, we must get 100 complaints to 1, expressing just the opposite to what you indicate. I would like to send you the material I mentioned a moment ago and let you see it, including the Secretary's own talks.

Mr. CANNON. They have not come to the attention of the average farmer and nothing is more vital and educational on this question than the reports that come from the Department of Agriculture, because they are taken to be official.

RADIO SERVICE

Mr. EISENHOWER. I would like to emphasize, as I do each year, that all of this radio time costs the Government nothing. There is still, despite repeated reiterations that the statement is incorrect,

the belief in some quarters that we must be paying vast sums of money for radio time.

Mr. SANDLIN. As I understand it, that is not the case.

Mr. EISENHOWER. It is not, and never has been. The radio service has been absolutely indispensable in our present work. We not only have at our disposal a full hour at noon on the networks of the National Broadcasting Co., both east and west, but we have had all the night time we needed. For example, during the first cotton campaign, we had 15 minutes on the Columbia System and 15 minutes on the N.B.C. network each night for 2 weeks, at no cost whatever. In addition to the network programs, 300 independent stations daily devote time to agricultural broadcasts, the time on various stations ranging from 15 minutes to 21⁄2 hours.

Mr. SINCLAIR. What was the $25,000 carried for?

Mr. EISENHOWER. That is exclusively for the payment of personnel who prepare the programs. We have a chief of radio service, 4 agricultural writers, I home economic writer, and 2 clerks. That is the total personnel for carrying on the radio programs. They prepare about 3,000 separate interpretive programs each year, these programs requiring more than 35,000 hours of radio time. Commercially this would cost about $2,000,000, but we pay nothing for it.

Mr. THURSTON. In your releases over the radio, do you give information as to the selling price of dairy products, for instance, in the agricultural regions, as compared with the prices that the consumer pays in the cities?

Mr. EISENHOWER. Practically all market-news work goes on the radio. That is not included in this item, however; it comes under the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. The market reports give the farm prices of commodities. The Bureau of Agricultural Economics, and now the Consumers' Counsel of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration give wide publicity to retail prices.

Mr. THURSTON. There is a good deal of statistical matter sent out over the radio that probably only one person in a hundred thousand understands, because they have not been taught to appreciate the value of it. For instance, when eggs are selling in the State of Iowa for 15 cents per dozen, and the consumer in town is paying from 40 to 60 cents per dozen for eggs, that comparable information should be given. The same thing would be true as to the price of hogs, cattle, or pork, and so forth. If that information were given, it seems to me that we could educate our people in this country concerning the vast spread between the price that the producer gets and the price the consumer pays.

Mr. EISENHOWER. We do that very intensively. May I say this, that I have always had a high regard for the farmer's intelligence. Even so, I have been utterly amazed at the ability of farmers to take our technical information, comprehend it, and use it. For example, here is a booklet that is almost wholly statistical, with charts; Í know that thing has been understood by the average farmer. This publication, Economic Trends Affecting Agriculture, analyzes the relation of the industrial depression to agriculture, world influences on American agriculture, and, finally, disparities in incomes and prices.

Mr. THURSTON. When I leave my home in Iowa, where we pay 18 or 20 cents per dozen for eggs, and, possibly, 20 cents per pound for butter, and reach Washington I find that those prices have not

only doubled, but quadrupled. The people cannot understand what creates that great spread between the producer and the consumer.

Mr. JUMP. That is another reason why we would like to have accurate figures as to the salaries of Government employees. Mr. Cannon had that figure of $2,800 in mind as the average salary of the Federal employees in the District of Columbia. Somebody furnished him that figure as the average salary of Government employees in the District, but the correct figure, as I compute if from the Budget, is around $1,900.

OVERTIME WORK

Mr. EISENHOWER. I would like to make a final comment on this item. We reduced the personnel of the Office of Information by 26 on June 30, due to the decrease brought about by the cash withdrawal limitation; the decrease came just at the time this new program reached its height. Many of us were compelled to work excessively long hours each day for a period of three months; we are still working ten hours per day. One section is working in two shifts from 8:30 in the morning until 11 o'clock at night. Sometimes this force works until 3 o'clock in the morning. I refer specifically to our force in the duplicating plant. I make this statement strictly in justification of the estimate for 1935, which is identical with the expenditures for 1934, plus $17,141 for salary restoration. I do not think we can cut any more and continue to function. We now have a new responsibility. Adjusting an agricultural industry as a whole-such as the cotton industry-brings up innumerable farm management or adjustment problems for the individual producer. The individual farmer needs all the technical information we can supply on pasture production, soil erosion control, soil improvement, the right kinds of forage crops to grow in the locality, and so on. We are now directing our efforts to help the individual meet his new problems.

Mr. SINCLAIR. How can you take on all this additional work due to the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, while you have been reducing your appropriation each year? For 1932 it was higher than for 1933, and the appropriation for 1933 was higher than that for

1934.

Mr. EISENHOWER. I hope I have made it perfectly clear that the Agricultural Adjustment Administration has now set up its own information unit, and the two are working together. They are handling daily newspaper and related releases. We are handling their radio broadcasting. In all possible ways we have supplemented and helped them in their educational work. As I mentioned before, the Department has for years put out economic information; we have now given emphasis and direction to that information so as to make it help farmers make adjustments. I would not have it understood that we are handling all of the information work-research, regulatory, service, and adjustment-because that would be inac

curate.

Mr. SANDLIN. There is no duplication of the work.

Mr. EISENHOWER. No, sir; there is no duplication of the work. For example, we have always had a mimeograph plant, equipped with mimeograph and multigraph machines, and other machines; instead of building up a new plant for the Adjustment Administration we have simply put two shifts into the present plant. The night force is paid for by the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, while

the office of Information pays for the day force. In that way we keep the machines running continuously, at minimum cost.

There is, again, no duplication in press activities. Funds for the Press Service have been decreased from $42,587 in 1932 to $28,705 in the estimates for 1935. It is expecially the duty of the Press Service to provide, direct to the press, as well as to State Extension editors, brief interpretive articles which will help the farmer not only act to balance supply with demand but also improve his practices and reduce costs of production in accordance with the findings of science.

Finally, funds available for the Division of Publications-including the units handling the editorial, indexing, illustrating, photographic, printing, mailing list, distribution, and duplicating work-have been decreased about 30 percent. I should like to point out that while press releases and radio programs are effective in initiating action and in accomplishing a united effort on the part of millions of farmers over widely scattered areas, farmers also need information in more detail and in more permanent form for their study and guidance. Particularly, farmers need more and more economic information in printed form. The publications which I have already cited "Economic Trends Affecting Agriculture", and "Economic Bases for the Agricultural Adjustment Act" are examples of what is needed. The demand for assistance from the Division of Publications has not decreased. We still receive all the way from 150,000 to 200,000 letters a month seeking information, and these queries can be handled most expeditiously and cheaply by mailing bulletins.

PRINTING AND BINDING, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Mr. SANDLIN. Your next item is for printing and binding. Your current appropriation for this purpose is $850,000, and the estimate for 1935 is $610,466.

(The item is as follows:)

For all printing and binding for the Department of Agriculture, inluding all of its bureaus, offices, institutions, and services located in Washington, District of Columbia, and elsewhere, $610,466, including the purchase of reprints of scientific and technical articles published in periodicals and journals; printing the proceedings of the Twelfth International Veterinary Congress to be held in the United States during the fiscal year 1935, not to exceed $11,000; the Annual Report of the Secretary of Agriculture, as required by the Act approved January 12, 1895 (U.S.C., title 44, secs. 111, 212–220, 222, 241, 244, 257), and in pursuance of the Joint Resolution Numbered 13, approved March 30, 1906 (U.S.C., title 44, secs. 214, 224), and also including not to exceed $250,000 for farmers' bulletins, which shall be adapted to the interests of the people of the different sections of the country, an equal proportion of four-fifths of which shall be delivered to or sent out under the addressed franks furnished by the Senators, Representatives, and Delegates in Congress, as they shall direct, but not including work done at the field printing plants of the Weather Bureau and the Forest Service authorized by the Joint Committee on Printing, in accordance with the Act approved March 1, 1919 (U.S.C., title 44, secs. 111, 220).

Mr. EISENHOWER. The following statement is presented for inclusion in the printed hearings:

The reduction of $239,534 in the estimate of $610,466 below the appropriation of $850,000 for 1934 is brought about through curtailments in 1934 working funds. The printing and binding estimates for 1935, while identical to the expenditures for 1934, represent a decrease of $50,368 below the expenditures for 1933, and $376,534 below the expenditures for 1932.

Job and related printing cannot be postponed to the same degree as technical and popular manuscripts. Regulatory and certain mandatory publications cannot be curtailed to the same degree as others. Consequently, as compared to 1932, large reductions have been made in expenditures for technical and popular bulletins.

CHANGES IN LANGUAGE

The insertion of new language in the paragraph for printing and binding is recommended, as follows:

(a) The language "the purchase of reprints of scientific and technical articles published in periodicals and journals" would enable the Department to obtain for distribution copies of articles which report results of economic and technical research of the Department and which are usually written by members of the Department's staff. With printing funds greatly curtailed, scientists of the bureaus are compelled to give many of their manuscripts to nongovernmental journals for original printing in order that there may be a minimum delay in presenting research results to technical workers in agriculture. Most of these nongovernmental journals do not supply copies of separates to the Department but they can be purchased at a nominal charge covering press and binding operstions. The Department would seldom buy more than two or three hundred copies of such separates. This practice is not a desirable substitute for official printing, but it will be of great assistance during the emergency period when printing funds are curtailed.

(b) The change in language by adding "printing the proceedings of the Twelfth International Veterinary Congress to be held in the United States during the fiscal year 1935, not to exceed $11,000" is an authorization needed only for the 1 fiscal year. Representatives of 61 nations will attend this congress. They will be outstanding men engaged in research and administration of veterinary matters. Carefully prepared papers embodying the latest results of the inquiries of the foremost men of the world along this line will be presented. The printing of these data will be of great value to the livestock industry of the United States. Particularly valuable will be the views of the various delegates on the subject of contagious abortion, a disease which is costing this country $50,000,000 a year and which will be one of the diseases most discussed at the congress, with an elaborate symposium on the subject. More work on contagious abortion is being conducted in Great Britain, Germany, Austria, and other foreign countries than in the United States and complete scientific information on this malady may save the expenditure of large sums of money in this country.

To avoid asking for an increase of $11,000 to cover the cost of printing these proceedings, the office of information will further postpone the printing of a comparable amount of its own manuscripts, until the fiscal year 1936.

WORK DONE UNDER THIS APPROPRIATION

The work under this appropriation consists of publishing the results of the economic, scientific research, service, and regulatory work of the Department. Necessary and administrative forms, letterheads, certificates, etc., are printed. The various types of published material may be grouped roughly into four classifications: Administrative job work and binding; administrative reports, periodicals, and publications; research and technical publications; popular publications. The first two groups are used primarily to aid the proper administration within the Department itself. Publications falling within the last two classifications are used to furnish economic, scientific, and other practical knowledge to farmers, scientists, economists, processors, and the general public.

Mr. EISENHOWER. The appropriation for printing and binding in 1932 was $1,000,000; but we spent $13,000 less than that, or $987,000. The appropriation for the current fiscal year, 1934, is $850,000, and the cash withdrawal limitation is $610,466. The estimate for 1935 is identical with the estimated expenditures for 1934. There is no change in the total, or in any of the subitems in the project.