on the purposes. We examine those vouchers to see that they are consistent with the research approved. We function according to the requirement of the law in checking in that way. It is a participating rather than an absolute control.

That explains the major part here. We have one other big function that I would like to mention.

EXPERIMENTAL STATION RECORD

A few moments ago the question came up of making available scientific facts. Early in the development of this State-Federal system it was realized that the man in New Mexico, the man in Missouri, the man in Seattle would have difficulty in having access to the collection of scientific facts from over the world. How are we going to get those out? Congress provided for and authorized the issuance of what is known as the "Experiment Station Record." That is assigned to our office. We abstract annually approximately 7,500 technical articles from all over the world in as many as 12 or more languages. We try to abstract those to let the research man know what is being done and what has been accomplished. We cannot tell the whole story, but we give him the reference so that if he is working along that line he knows the source of further information or where to ask for that one publication. There is no center in the United States except the library of the Department that would have that information available all of it. Furthermore, in doing it once, we hope that we are avoiding the necessity of that abstracting by 3,500 people on the staffs of the 53 State and territorial stations.

Now, when we get down to expenses, this experiment station record work is an exacting, accurate job, and it takes about 40 percent of our time and funds under the item for administration; but in connection with the economy legislation, in making a survey last year to find whether we could reduce this record work, the unanimous reply immediately was

We have reached a stage where we should strengthen it so far as foreign countries are concerned, rather than weaken it.

It is our pilot light.

Mr. SINCLAIR. You direct the energies of all these different stations, then?

Mr. JARDINE. Within the fields of these acts it is cooperative. Then we serve them in other relationships in Washington. For example, they look to this office, in a way, as their representative. Take the C.W.A. work. I have had as many as four telegrams, at once, for information so that they can coordinate their program in the State with the National program-Federal projects and State projects.

IMPORTATION OF CHEESE

Mr. THURSTON. Mr. Chairman, could I ask what I deem a practical question?

Mr. SANDLIN. Yes.

Mr. THURSTON. I understand that a very large amount of cheese is imported into the United States each year. Of course we are

having a distressing situation in the dairy industry. Does your bureau take up questions like that, for instance, and induce the States where they have dairy interests to emphasize and to go into this subject more thoroughly, and attempt to teach our butter-makers how to make cheese, so that they can provide for themselves in their competitive lines?

Mr. JARDINE. We would say this: We would expect that the facts pertinent to the introduction of cheese, and the fact that there is a great deal of cheese introduced, would be made available through the Bureau of Agricultural Economics or in some other way. But I would not hesitate at all in your State, and they would want me to do it, if I saw that there was an opportunity for that State to benefit by intensive research on a given project, I would suggest it.

Mr. THURSTON. They may have scientific information in the institution, but they may not have the economic or general information that might induce them to go into these fields?

Mr. JARDINE. Yes, sir. We would not and with our small organization we could not, look afield into all the opportunities of that sort. We could not be responsible for always knowing what the situation is as it affects a certain State.

Mr. THURSTON. Millions of dollars are annually being expended on farm projects. Should not your branch of the Government take a very pronounced stand and insist that these State agencies promote

them?

Mr. JARDINE. I think the Department would be in a position to do that. I am not sure it would do the work in this way. The State might write to me and ask me to look it up, and I would do so. If we see the opportunity we take the initiative. If they see it, they write me, and I refer them to the proper source of information.

Mr. THURSTON. These people may be scientifically minded in the experimental colleges, but they might not have the particular information that would induce them to go into these lines.

Mr. JARDINE. That is right.

Mr. SANDLIN. Would not the Bureau of Agricultural Economics be the proper bureau?

Mr. JARDINE. I should think the Bureau of Agricultural Economics would be the proper bureau. If an inquiry of that sort would come to me, I would get in touch with the Bureau of Agricultural Economics and the Bureau of Dairy Industry.

I would feel responsible, in connection with the advice that was given them, to know I was not encouraging them to go into something that was already produced in surplus by areas having production or marketing advantages over the area being advised.

Mr. THURSTON. We have to realize that our position is really competitive, and we have to take care of ourselves.

Mr. JARDINE. I absolutely agree with you.

Mr. CANNON. Are there natural conditions which would prevent American dairymen from producing certain species of favorite European cheeses of a quality to compare with the cheese that we import?

Mr. JARDINE. My suggestion would be that you would get the last word answer upon that subject if you would take it up when the chief of the Dairy Bureau, Mr. Reed, comes up here, because he is

the man who is in a position to answer it. I could make a reasonably good judgment on it, but you will get the last word on it from him, and it will be less confusing.

Mr. HART. From my experience in the 3 years I have been here, I am satisfied that he can produce a cheese which is the equal of any cheese anywhere in the world. Some experts on cheese, who have seen his samples of cheese, think they are the last word, and they pronounced his American Roquefort superior to the European.

Mr. JUMP. It seems to be not so strong in flavor as the foreign cheese.

Mr. HART. They like the flavor. They are fond of strong cheeses. Mr. JARDINE. I have nothing further to submit, Mr. Chairman, in reference to this matter of payment to the States, unless there are some questions that you would desire to ask me.

FEDERAL AND STATE CONTRIBUTIONS TO EXPERIMENT STATIONS

Mr. SANDLIN. Will you put in the record a statement showing the contributions of the different States?

Mr. JARDINE. The contributions for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1933, were as follows:

Income of State Agricultural Experiment Stations from Federal funds (Hatch, Adams, and Purnell Acts) and State funds for fiscal year 1933

1 State funds include resources from within the State, consisting of State appropriations from fees, sales, and miscellaneous sources.

Mr. CANNON. The contribution by States is not necessarily equal? Mr. JARDINE. The contribution by States for the year ended June 30, 1933, is approximately an average of two dollars and sixty-someodd cents to each one dollar from the Federal Government. There is no requirement in reference to matching the Federal funds. The States do not furnish the same amounts. The State part in some

States is perhaps eight times the Federal funds. In others the State part is small.

Mr. CANNON. As to the reduction in the number of stations, how many stations are being discontinued?

Mr. JARDINE. Not any of these State stations.

Mr. CANNON. No experiment stations are being discontinued?
Mr. JARDINE. No State experiment stations.

Mr. CANNON. In any branch under the jurisdiction of the Department of Agriculture?

Mr. JARDINE. The function of this unit is merely the administration of the funds warranted direct to the State experiment stations, the one at Columbia, the one at Ames, and the one at Berkeley; one in each State, except Connecticut, which divides the money between two, and New York, which has two.

Mr. CANNON. What proportion of the experimental stations now in operation does that include?

Mr. JARDINE. That includes all the central units. The State experiment station created under the Hatch Act usually is the experiment station which administers all the experiment stations in agriculture in a State, say Missouri. They would be all under Dean Mumford.

He may have some State-supported branch stations, or there may be some branch stations partly supported by the State and partly supported by the Federal Government, but they are not a part of the administration under these Federal funds.

Mr. CANNON. Mr. Nelson this morning referred to a number of stations being discontinued, but they do not come under your jurisdiction.

Mr. JARDINE. No.

Mr. SINCLAIR. They are either dairy or dry-land stations, are they not?

Mr. JARDINE. They are stations established and maintained by appropriations direct to the bureaus of the Department. The funds under the acts we are now considering merely pass through our administration and are warranted direct to the States.

Mr. THURSTON. Of course, we know the State colleges have had a difficult time in obtaining sufficient funds from their respective general assemblies or legislatures. Will they be able to function and carry out their duties with the amounts you provide here?

Mr. JARDINE. I would say my frank judgment is that the reduction would be a very severe blow. It will mean a reduction, in my judgment, of between 300 and 500 in the technical staff of the State stations.

Mr. THURSTON. Is it true that the number of students now in land grant colleges equals the number in the past few years?

Mr. JARDINE. I have not the figures on that because my work does not touch the teaching end. My judgment is that there would not be much change over the past few years, but there would be a reduction from the number 3 or 4 years ago, although I have not seen the late figures. This work has nothing to do with the teaching, except that it furnishes information for teaching, and many members of

the teaching staff are partly supported by the experiment stations. A man may have one half of his time devoted to the experiment station and one half to teaching.

Mr. CANNON. You mean the teaching staff, that is, the faculty? Mr. JARDINE. Yes; in other words, the teaching staffs are in large part the research staffs.

Mr. SINCLAIR. Did I understand you to say you have a different type of experiment station at Ames than at other land-grant colleges? Mr. JARDINE. No; I was stating that the stations we are discussing are the main experiment station in each State, and that main experiment station is usually the administrative agency for all the branch stations in each State.

Mr. SANDLIN. And your funds that come from the land-grant colleges work in with the funds appropriated here?

Mr. JARDINE. Yes; there is no matching requirement, but, as I have said, they are putting in about $2.60 to each $1 of Federal funds. I did not quite understand your question awhile ago, Mr. Chairman. I understand now you had reference to the $50,000 under the Morrill and Nelson Acts. Those are appropriated and administered through the Department of the Interior, and they are for support of teaching. They are mingled with these funds only to the extent that a teacher might be on some research and receive part of his salary from our funds and the part for the teaching work from the Morrill Act fund. Each year we examine very carefully the teaching load of any man who is also on the experiment station staff, to be sure we are getting value received.

SALARIES AND EXPENSES OF ADMINISTERING AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS

Mr. SANDLIN. What is the next item?

Mr. JARDINE. The next item, which was simply referred to briefly, is for administration. I present the following statement in connection with this item.

Increase, Budget 1935, compared with estimated obligations,
1934..

7,055

The reduction of $11,706 in the estimate of $137,125 for 1935 below the appropriation of $148,831 for 1934 consists of:

WORK DONE UNDER THIS APPROPRIATION

This appropriation is used for three purposes: (1) For administration of the acts of Congress (Hatch Act of 1887, Adams Act of 1906, Purnell Act of 1925 and acts amendatory or supplementary thereto, Hawaii Station Act of 1928,