brain; as it shows the relative position of the convolutions of the brain to the face. It is also calculated to remove the common impression, that the form of the brain has no influence on the position of the bones of the face. Perhaps I may as well remark in this place, that the relative position of the ear and the eye, depends upon the degree in which the anterior lobe is developed downward, compared with the middle lobe; for the ear is situated at the base of the middle lobe, and the eye at the base of the frontal lobe; and if the base of one of the lobes is lower than usual, of course the relative position of the ear, the eye, and even of the nose, will be different. It is common to see persons who are unusually high from the ear to 9th and 10th, but who, notwithstanding, have low foreheads; this is owing to the fact, that the frontal lobe is not developed downward as much as usual; and in them the ear will be low compared to the eye. Is not this an important fact to practical phrenologians in estimating the comparative size of the Intellect? Is it not also worthy the attention of portrait painters?

MEASUREMENT OF THE ORGANS.

The varying thickness of the skull, and several other circumstances, render it impossible to judge with mathematical precision of the size of organs; but we can approximate sufficiently near for ordinary practical purposes. The using of numerical figures by phrenologians, has led some to suppose that the practitioner professed to be able to judge the exact size of an organ; but it should be understood, that those figures are used merely as convenient substitutes to

such expressions as small, rather small, moderate, large, very large, &c. Some practitioners make use of a scale of numbers varying from one to twenty, thus making ten a medium: others take three for a medium; and it will be perceived that it makes no difference what terms are used, if they express in an intelligible manner, the relative size of the organs as they appear in the head of the individual. I make use at present of the following scale:

EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES USED IN EXAMINATION.

1. Small.

2. Rather small.

3. Moderate.

4. Rather below medium.

5. Medium.

6. Rather above medium.

7. Large.

8. Very large.

9. Uncommonly large.

Some make use of craniometors, and callipers, with which to measure the head; and this method is useful, when the object is to collect statistical information for special purposes; but in ordinary practice, the phrenologian should judge, as the painter does, by his well practised perceptives. Some have acquired so much skill that they can, by a single glance at the head across the room, form a correct notion of the general character.

The boundaries of the organs must also be learned by experience; since the best marked bust will not be sufficient to convey this information, on account of the difference in individuals in this respect. I would state that the bust on the front page is purposely drawn in violation of the rules of perspective, in order to exhibit the organs in median line at their full size.

CHAPTER IX.

WILL-HABIT-EDUCATION.

WILL is the result of the operation of all the powers of mind that are interested in any given subject; thus, each propensity, when active, communicates to the intellect a peculiar feeling; this excites the powers of the mind to approve or oppose; and if the number and strength of those that approve, is greater than those that oppose, an act is permitted that relieves the feelings-and this result we call will. Circumstances modify will, change it, and even reverse it, by exciting different powers into action-thus, under the influence of 8th, 9th, and 12th, we may will to go to church; but the circumstance of a sudden tempest reverses the will by exciting I and VII; if now a messenger arrives with the report that the lightning has struck the church, and injured the pastor, the Socials will be so much roused as to overcome the Ipseals, and the will is changed again.

Education modifies will; but this is properly included under the head of circumstances: an individual who has been

educated among the Seminole Indians will be likely to have a different will, on many subjects, from one who has been educated among the Turks.

Difference in organization will cause a difference in will, under the same circumstances, with the same education, and with precisely the same amount of knowledge of the subject in question. Thus, a man with large IX, and small 8th and

10th, wills to rob his neighbor; while another with large 8th and 10th, and small IX, generously wills to repair the loss from his own pocket. The criminal wills to violate the law, and the magistrate wills to punish him. One infant habitually wills to kick and scratch, while its twin brother wills to laugh and play.

The old school of philosophers have attempted to account for most of these differences, by attributing them to HABIT; but this is the result of organization and circumstances, and not the cause. Man does not have legs because he is in the habit of walking, but he is in the habit of walking because he has legs. The same is true of his mind; he never would contract the habit of constructing, unless he first had an organ of Constructiveness; nor of reasoning, unless he had the organ of Causality; but having these organs, the influence of habit and education upon them is acknowledged; and its importance insisted on by all good phrenologians.

EDUCATION is the cultivation of the powers which are inherent in the constitution, with a view to their improvement; and it is only upon phrenological principles, that it can be properly conducted. My own observations agree with the testimony of all phrenologians, that the proper exercise of any organ tends to increase its size and its power. This is universally admitted to be true of the bodily organs, and it is fair to infer, from analogy, that the same is true of the mental organs. But I am satisfied that exercise and excitement have much more effect upon the brain to increase its size, than upon any of the bodily organs. I arrive at this conclusion in the following manner:

1. The brain is the most delicate in its structure of all the organs in the constitution.

2. It is well known, that when any part of the constitution is excited, the blood immediately rushes to it; and the quantity of blood which it receives, is in proportion to the