In closing, I wish to express my obligation for time and effort given by many persons who have materially assisted in making these chapters possible. It is impossible to name all of them. I wish, however, to acknowledge my great indebtedness to Dr. H. H. Guy, the consular officers of the Japanese government in San Francisco, Portland, and Seattle, and the secretaries and other officers of the Japanese associations in these and numerous other cities. Finally, I wish to express my appreciation of aid extended by the Commission on Relations with Japan of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America.

H. A. MILLIS.

DECEMBER 15, 1914.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I. THE IMMIGRAtion of JapanESE TO THE UNITED

STATES.

The immigration of Japanese before and since 1885. The

number larger after 1898. The classes from which the immi-

grants were drawn. Though the student element large, the

primary motive economic gain. The influence of emigration

and supply companies and boarding houses.

The Hawaiian

Islands served as a stepping-stone. The movement from

Canada and Mexico. Opposition to Japanese immigration.

Immigration greatly restricted by the agreement relative to

passports and the President's order of March 14, 1907. The

agreement faithfully observed by Japan. It and the Presi-

dent's order have given effective restriction. Admissions

and departures since 1908, and effect on the labor supply.

The large influx of women, many of them "picture brides."

A new factor of growth in the American-born. An estimate

of the Japanese population of the Western states. The

Japanese as an element in the population of California, and

in the labor supply. Their occupational distribution

CHAPTER II. THE JAPANESE AS WAGE EARNERS IN INDUS-

TRIAL PURSUITS.

Most of the Japanese first employed as unskilled laborers
in a narrow range of occupations. A review of their employ-
ment on the railways, in the lumber mills, and in the salmon
canneries. With a strong demand for labor, many Japanese
were employed on the railways. Found favor because of
lower wages accepted, convenient organization, efficiency,

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and good behavior in camp. Even before restriction their

wages tended to rise relatively to those paid others. With

restriction underpayment has ceased. A considerable num-

ber have advanced to supervisory positions. In the railway

shops the Japanese have made considerable occupational ad-

vance, and with restriction of immigration the former general

underpayment has rapidly disappeared. The Japanese found

employment in a limited number of lumber mills in the North-

west, where they were formerly employed at lower wages

than were paid to others, including the East Indians. Since

1907 their number has decreased, underpayment has tended

to disappear, and they have advanced somewhat in the occu-

pational scale. The Japanese formerly occupied a conspicu-

ous place in the salmon canneries, but, unlike the railway

companies and the managers of the lumber mills, the salmon

packers have not found them to be as satisfactory as other

laborers. A summary statement of important facts relating

to the employment of Japanese in industry previous to 1907.

Subsequent changes

CHAPTER III. THE JAPANESE IN WESTERN CITIES: THEIR

WORK AND BUSINESS.

The formation of an urban population. Two groups of

economic activities. Employment in factories and workshops,

domestic service, and in miscellaneous occupations. Have

"filled in" as cheap laborers conveniently secured. Japa-

nese business for Japanese patrons. Increasing number of

establishments, some of them for "American trade." The

laundry trade, the restaurant trade, and the provision and

grocery stores show the plane of competition. Serious com-

petition limited to a few cases. Population changes and the

formation of colonies. Few whites employed by Japanese;

the "living-in" system prevails. Housing conditions.

Changes since 1909. Business in Los Angeles. Gain in

American trade, but more trading by Japanese at American

stores. Improvement in standards, increase in wages, less

underbidding, changing opinion. Opposition in Seattle. The

plane of competition and opposition

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CHAPTER IV. THE JAPANESE IN AGRICULTURE IN WESTERN

STATES OTHER THAN CALIFORNIA.

The large proportion of Japanese in agricultural pursuits

explained. Agricultural activities in Idaho, Utah, and Colo-

rado. Observations in northern Colorado. Japanese as

farm laborers and tenant farmers in Washington. Character

of the farming, rents, labor, etc. The situation in Oregon.

Farm statistics, crops, reduction of "wild lands," rent prices,

community opinion, etc.

CHAPTER V. THE JAPANESE AS AGRICULTURAL LABORERS IN

CALIFORNIA.

The Japanese in agriculture in California. Investigations
of farm labor by the State Commissioner of Labor and the
Immigration Commission. The Japanese and intensive farm-
ing. Occupations. Important questions. The Immigration
Commission quoted at length with reference to history of
employment of Japanese, underbidding, organization, and
adaptation to labor needs. Wage data.
Competition for-
merly not on equal terms. Japanese labor, the community's
interests, and agricultural expansion. The real problem.
Recent developments not significant. The present labor
situation. Commissioner MacKenzie's conclusion and the
Senate's adverse resolution. Conclusions of the writer's
and farmer's opinions. No increase in the bunk-house popu-
lation desirable, whatever the race

CHAPTER VI. JAPANESE FARMING IN CALIFORNIA.

The number and acreage of Japanese farms. Crops grown.

Size of farms. Progress of Japanese as farmers explained by

various facts. The effects of Japanese farming

CHAPTER VII. JAPANESE FARMING: SOME COMMUNITY OB-

SERVATIONS.

FLORIN The Florin district and the place occupied by

Japanese twenty-five years ago and the development of a
new Florin. Progress and present position of the Japanese
as farmers. Community effects. Japanese standards. Busi-
ness relations. Community opinion. Social considerations.

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