PAGE Conquest of Granada; end of Mussulman rule Extent of the Spanish Monarchy; loss of the United Nether- § 3. The Colonial Dominion of Spain and Portugal. Character of the outlying dominion of Portugal. 558-559 Advance in Africa and the islands; Cape of Good Hope; THE BRITISH ISLANDS AND COLONIES. Isolation and independence of Britain; late Roman conquest CONTENTS. The Picts; their union with the Scots; Scottish Strath- xlvii PAGE Scandinavian settlements; Caithness and Sutherland . English supremacy; taking of Edinburgh; grants of Cum- Difference of tenure gradually forgotten 569-570 Changes of boundary toward Wales; conquests of Harold. Norman conquest of South Wales Princes of North Wales; English conquest. The English shires; two classes of shires; ancient princi- palities; shires mapped out in the tenth century. 573-574 Settlement of the Ostmen; increasing connexion with Eng- land; the English conquest; fluctuations of the Pale 575 Lordship and kingdom of Ireland; its relations to England HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. CHAP. Definition cal Geo THE WORK which we have now before us is to trace out the extent of territory which the different states and nations of Europe and the neighbouring lands have of Historiheld at different times in the world's history, to mark graphy. the different boundaries which the same country has had, and the different meanings in which the same name has been used. It is of great importance carefully to make these distinctions, because great mistakes as to the facts of history are often caused through men thinking and speaking as if the names of different countries, say for instance England, France, Burgundy, Austria, have always meant exactly the same extent of territory. Historical geography, in this sense, differs from physical geography, which regards the natural features of the earth's surface. It differs also from studies like ethnology and comparative philology, which have to do directly with the differences between one nation and another, with their movements from one part of the world to another, and with the relations to be found among the languages I. CHAP. spoken by them. But, though historical geography is distinct from these studies, it makes much use of them. For the physical geography of a country always has a great effect upon its political history, and the dispersions and movements of different nations are exactly those parts of history which have most to do with fixing the names and the boundaries of different countries at different times. England, for instance, is, in strictness, the land of the English wherever they may settle, whether in their old home on the European continent, or in the isle of Britain, or in New England beyond the Ocean. But the extent of territory which was in this way to become England was largely determined by the physical circumstances of the countries in which the English settled. And the history of the English nation has been influenced, above all things, by the fact that the great English settlement which has made the English name famous was made in an island. But, when England had become the name of a distinct political dominion, its meaning was liable to change as that dominion advanced or went back. Thus the borders of England and Scotland have greatly changed at different times, and forgetfulness of this fact has led to many misunderstandings in reading the history of the two countries. And so with all other cases of the kind; the physical nature of the country, and the settlements of the different nations which have occupied it, have always been the determining causes of its political divisions. But it is with the political divisions that historical geography has to deal in the first place. With the nature of the land, and with the people who occupy it, it has to deal only so far as they have influenced the political divisions. Our present business |