for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeach ment. ties. cers. 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Make treasenate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur and he shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and con- Appoint offisent of the senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law. But the congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper, in the president alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 3. The president shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may Vacancies. happen during the recess of the senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. SECTION 3. duties. 1. He shall, from time to time, give to the congress information of President's the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and, in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as be shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed; and shall commission all the officers of the United States. SECTION 4. movable by 1. The president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the United Officers reStates, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and convic- impeachtion of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. ment. ARTICLE III.-SECTION 1. tenure of 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Judicial supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the congress may, from powers and time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme judges. and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behaviour; and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. SECTION 2. 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity, Jurisdiction, arising under this constitution, the laws of the United States, and extent of treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority: to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more states, between a state and citizens of another state, between citizens of different states, between citizens of the same state Whether original or appellate. ry. claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as the congress shall make. Trials by ju- 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed, but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the congress may by law have directed. Treason. Attainder. SECTION 3. 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 2. The congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason; but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. Acts and records of the states. ARTICLE IV.-SECTION 1. 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings, shall be proved, and the effect thereof. SECTION 2. Citizens' pri. 1. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. vileges. Fugitives 2. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other from justice. crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. From ser. vice. 3. No person held to service or labour in one state under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labour; but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labour may be due. New states admitted. SECTION 3. 1. New states may be admitted by the congress into this union; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state, nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned, as well as of the congress. 2. The congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular state. SECTION 4. form. 1. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a Republican republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and, on application of the legislature, or of the executive, (when the legislature cannot be convened,) against domestic violence.. ARTICLE V. ments, how 1. The congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem Amendit necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitution; or, on attained. the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the congress; provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article: and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the senate. ARTICLE VI. 1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the Prior debts of adoption of this constitution, shall be as valid against the United government. States under this constitution, as under the confederation. and treaties, 2. This constitution, and the laws of the United States which Constitution shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which are the su shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the preme law. supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby; any thing in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding. 3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the Oath to the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial constitution. officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be test. bound by oath or affirmation to support this constitution; but no reli- No religious gious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. xxii Ratification. ARTICLE VI 1. The ratification of the conventions of nine states shall be sufficient for the establishment of this constitution between the states so ratifying the same. Done in convention, by the unanimous consent of the states present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. ARTICLE I.* * March 4th, 1798. conscience, freedom of Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, Rights of or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. ARTICLE II. the press, &c. to bear arms. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free of the right state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. ARTICLE III. ing troops. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, with- of quarterout the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. ARTICLE IV. general war. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, of searches, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall seizures, and not be violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause rants. supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. ARTICLE V. ments, pun No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous of indict. crime, unless on presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except ishments, in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when &c. in actual service, in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject, for the same offence, to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. ARTICLE VI. criminal ca defendant. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a Of trial in speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district ses, and the wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall rights of a have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining wit |