APPENDIX.

On the Demarcation of the New Red Sandstone Group, described in the preceding Memoir.

The northern line of demarcation, commencing near Brough and ending on the Scotch border, has been already noticed (supra, p. 384, note). The remaining line may be traced as follows. Commencing, as before, at the top of the flat lands near the bifurcation of the Belab, the line may be drawn a little south of the left bank of the river, so as to leave out Caber. It then turns, about south by west, till it just touches Winton, from which it ranges a little to the west of Hartley, just under the road from Hartley to Naitby, which place it incloses within the area of the red sandstone; thence, crossing the river, it enters the north end of Wharton Park, and ranging nearly due north, passes along the brow of the hill just above Kirkby Stephen. The range then appears to be about north-west for more than a mile, when the line makes a bend, passing the rivulet about half a mile south of Soulby; thence to the rivulet a little north of Crosby, from which a curve line may be drawn skirting the high lands, so as to pass a little east of Musgrave; afterwards nearly parallel to the Eden, so as to pass about a quarter of a mile south of Warcop Bridge, north of Birks Chapel; half a mile south of Little Ormshead; and from the last-mentioned point to the rivulet just above Hoff. The line is then nearly defined by the left bank of the rivulet, and passes to the north-west just above Colby, which it incloses.

Part of the preceding line is imaginary, the country being covered by enormous masses of red diluvial gravel. But the conglomerates are seen at Belah Bridge, in the river under Winton, at Naitby and Kirkby Stephen, and in the river above Soulby. Again, the red sandstone is seen on both sides of the river near Warcop; and the conglomerates break out in the rivulet south of Little Ormshead, and at Hoff and Burrels.

From Colby the line runs down close to the left bank of the Eden, under Beuley Castle; thence, through Bolton to the rivulet a little south of Walk Mill; afterwards nearly parallel to the rivulet, and a little to the west of its left bank; thence, skirting the low lands, to a point about half a mile south of Cliburne. The remaining demarcation to the Eamont, is very obscure; but it passes by Clifton Dykes, and under Brougham Hall, into the alluvial flat of the river, and then enters Cumberland*.

For many miles, after it enters Cumberland, the line of demarcation is very ill defined. To the east of the Petteril is a lofty ridge of new red sandstone hills, commencing with Penrith Beacon. But on the road from Penrith to Hutton and Hesket Newmarket, we pass a very doubtful country, which has always been coloured as new red sandstone. Some of the red sandstones in that district (for example, at Catterlen, Hutton Park, &c.,) appeared to me, however, (when I ex

* The area inclosed by the line above described is extremely covered with red gravel, formed, in part, by the breaking up of the new red sandstone. Within the same area are also some places where the new red sandstone has been washed off. Thus, near Warcop, there is in the bed of the river an inclined micaceous red grit, probably belonging to the carboniferous series. Some very remarkable red gritstones, associated with a magnesian limestone, are found on the hills west of Soulby, and are clearly a part of the carboniferous system. I do not think the lower division of the new red sandstone is found in this district; though I ought not to make the assertion with much confidence, having never examined it since the year 1823.

amined the district in 1823,) more to resemble the ferruginous coal grits, or the lower red sandstone; and I think it probable (after what has been stated above respecting Broadfield, supra, pp. 391, 392,) that a spur of the older rocks, between the Petteril and the Caldew, encroaches considerably on the line I am describing. I throw this out as a mere conjecture, confirmed, however, by the fact, that inclined beds of a hard red gritstone are also found along the Petteril, at least as far north as the Broadfield limestone.

Passing, then, this doubtful tract, we find characteristic beds of new red sandstone between Macey Bank and Ivegill; and thence, south of Highhead Castle to the banks of Raw Beck, and down both sides of that rivulet for more than a mile. Here, again, the demarcation is not only obscure in many places from the want of good sections; but difficult also from the appearance of lower grits, of a red colour ("lower red sandstone"?), which break out in both the above-mentioned rivulets.

No rock is visible for some way west of Raw Beck; but an imaginary boundary may be drawn to the Caldew, a little south of Rose Bridge, and thence to Green Quarry, a little south of the Chalk limestone above described (supra, p. 392). From that quarry the line sweeps round nearly by Howrigg, Height, Brackenthwaite, Cragg Houses, and Tracing Tree (almost inclosing a remarkable dislocated coal field of Rosley, now nearly deserted). From Tracing Tree it passes through a wood, a little above the confluence of Silver Gill with the rivulet, and thence under Church Hill, and on the north side of Islekirk to Parson Bridge; from whence it may be traced near Cross Hill, a little above Bridge Mill, and close to Low Blaithwaite; from which place the line sweeps to the south-west a quarter of a mile south of Elfield, and more than half a mile above Crook Dyke Mill; and so after crossing the river in a direction about south-south-west, it turns west, ranging a little north of the Leesrigg road, through the hill above King Gate, along the south side of Brayton Hall Park, under the village of Aspatria, under Hayton, a little south of the road from Hayton to Allerby, just under Crosby; thence deflecting to the north-west, it passes north of Birkby, and down by the right bank of the Ellen to the sea at Maryport.

We may pass over the coast from Maryport to St. Bees Head, as it is either occupied by the coal measures, or by the "lower red sandstone," in places already described. Across St. Bees Head the range is defined by quarries, ending (as above stated) at Ben How*. On crossing the valley, it reappears in Walton Wood, just above Linethwaite, and thence passes just under Bank End, and at the base of an escarpment, from which it descends between Gill Foot and How Bank; and, inclosing Orgill, it disappears in the alluvial plain of Egremont.

Beyond this plain the line appears to range nearly east and west from New House to Grange; and from a quarry near the latter place it strikes about south-south-east into the valley of Kirk Beck. It crosses above the mill, and then ranges above Head of Hail and Hall Garth to the north end of Cold Fell near Side; from whence it descends into the valley of the Calder, in a direction about south-south-east. It crosses below Thornholm, and then ranges east-south-east on the way to Farmary, and is exposed in quarries at the hill-top. It then strikes across the Gill, and is laid bare about a quarter of a mile above Hurrel Barrow; thence it ranges through Blaing Fell, leaving Lockray and Whinray to the east, just touching Bank House, and forming the whole escarpment of the hill above Gosforth.

We have no regular escarpment of the formation on the Cumberland coast south of Gosforth; but the rock is seen at the following places: Drig Cross, west of Gosforth; Brandreth Scar and

The range of "the lower red sandstone" over the coal field, as well as certain outliers of the new red sandstone, will be given in a subsequent paper.

Codlin Rock, two reefs to the south of Ravenglass, only seen at low water; on the Cross House estate, half a mile north of Bootle; and, lastly, in wells and other excavations at Mopus, Hise Moor, Well Bank, and Old Highton, all in the same neighbourhood, and on the north side of the Bootle rivulet.

Crossing the estuary of the Duddon to the limestone of Roan Head, we find the superior rocks concealed under blown sand; but the new red sandstone breaks out south of Wet Flats, and may be traced by Little Mill, Billing Coat, and Newton; and thence by Bousfield, Stank, and Hole Beck. Beyond the last-mentioned place everything is buried under alluvial accumulations to the sea-side; but at low water the red sandstone is seen just to the north of Rampside. It appears also at the north point of Old Barrow Island.

In the Cartmel promontory the new red conglomerates appear at Rougham Point, west of Humphrey Head; and the red sandstone is said to have been reached by boring between Cannon Winder and Ravend's Winder, and close to Lower Hosker.

By help of the preceding notice, the demarcation of the new red sandstone may be laid down on the large county maps with a near approach to accuracy. Had the Ordnance maps of the northern counties been published, such details would have been perfectly useless, as the information would have been more correctly conveyed by a superficial colour, than by any verbal description.

VII.—On a portion of Dukhun, East Indies.

BY LIEUTENANT-COLONEL W. H. SYKES, F.R.S. F.G.S. F.L.S.

[Read January 23, 1833.]

My personal observation of Dukhun (Deccan) and Konkun (Concan) is not confined to the boundaries laid down in the following geological memoir; but as the rock and mineral specimens remaining at present in my possession are from Dukhun only, I have not thought it proper to extend my details beyond the limits I here prescribe to myself, although I might venture to do so from notes taken at different periods, without exposing my accuracy to question. I will, however, in closing this paper, offer a few observations on the trap and other formations of India; the amazing extent of the former not appearing to have been appreciated hitherto in European geological works.

Boundaries.

My tract is bounded on the west by the range of mountains usually denominated by Europeans the "Ghàts", from a misinterpretation of the term ghat, which simply means a pass, the proper name of this range being the Syhadree"; on the north by the Mool river, as far as Rahooreh; on the east by a direct line from Rahooreh to the city of Ahmednuggur, and subsequently on the north-east by the Seena river until its junction with the Beema river below Mundroop; on the south-east by a line from Mundroop to the celebrated city of Beejapoor; on the south by a line from Beejapoor to the town of Meeruj; and from this place the boundary in the south-west is the Kristna and Quina rivers, to the hill fort of Wassota, situated in the Ghats. The western boundary line extends, as the crow flies, about 144 miles; the northern 72 miles; eastern and north-eastern 159 miles; southeastern 41 miles; southern 80 miles; and south-western 88 miles. Agreeably to observations made by myself and the officers of the revenue survey in

With respect to the pronunciation of native words, the "u" is the u in "hut," and the "a" the a in "all."

+ See Map, Plate XXVI.