* A pightel, in early days, seems properly to have been applied to a piece of meadow land between

two woods. It is now in use, even where the woods have long since disappeared.

STUDLEY. Studu and ley, pasture for horses.

Styre. A steer, stirk, or young horned-beast.
Suss (Souse?) Hogwash.

Swale. A declivity on a rising ground.

SWAN-BOURNE. Anglo-Saxon swan and stream, or herds

man and brook.

Swarth, or Swatch. The fall of grass at each cut of the mower's scythe.

Swiffm. From the Anglo-Saxon swifan, the swallow called swift.

Swingle. The outer part of a flail.

Taylor, or proud tailor. The long-tailed titmouse or
bumbarrel.*

Thiller. A term denoting the shaft-horse.
Thistle-finch. Anglo-Saxon þistel-twige, the linnet.
Thorp. A village; thorpe's-men, villagers.
Throstle. Anglo-Saxon brostel, a singing thrush.
Toft Danish; homestead or residence.
Ton, or Tun. A field, hedge, vill, or town.
Tools. From tohl, farming implements and utensils.
TOWERSEY. Eye means its nook or corner in the county.
TRING. Perhaps the Danish tyr-ing, or ox-meadows.
Twitchel. A narrow path, alley, or short cut.
Twitch-grass. Anglo-Saxon cwice, quick-growing spear
or couch grass.

Twybill. The Anglo-Saxon poleaxe, now a double-
headed pickaxe.

TWYFORD. Where two river-branches are to be forded.
Twynnen. An old word still in use for twined.
TWYVERDALE. A road leading down to a twyford.
Unkid. Anglo-Saxon un-cwydd, dull and dreary.
Uplands. Risings; opposed to meadows and marshes.

Wain. From the Anglo-Saxon wa'gan, a waggon.
Wattles. Split or slit wood; gills of a cock.
Watton. The inclosure of a field or dwelling.
Weald or Wold. An open wood.
Weanlings. Calves and lambs.
WESTON. West town; a frequent prefix.
WHADDON. A woody and hilly location.
Whittle. Anglo-Saxon hwytel, a clasp-knife.
Wic, or Wick. Not cognate with vicus, and may allude
to wet grounds.†

WINCHENDON. From wynchen(?), springs, and don or
den, pasture.

Windrows. The lines of hay previous to carrying it.
Withy. Anglo-Saxon wide, the second growth of the

willow-tree.

Wooburn, or Hooburn. A rivulet from an eminence.
Wood-thistle. The identical wod-pistel of the Anglo-

Saxons.

WOTTON. A humid situation, woothong.

Wren. The insessorial bird called wrenna by the Anglo-
Saxons ages ago.

Wrout. To turn up ground with the snout. Anglo-
Saxon wrót-an.

WY-COMBE. On a rivulet in a valley.

Wyrm-wood. From the Anglo-Saxon term for the shrub absinthium.

Yerdon. An early term still in use for farmyard.

* This is on the authority of Mr. Woodman, didascalos of the village school, and taxidermist of the neighbourhood. The Hon. Daines Barrington was of opinion that the Proud Tailor is a goldfinch, and that it explains Hotspur's allusion "to turn tailor, or be robin-redbreast teacher" (First part of King Henry IV. act iii. scene 1). The Tailor is a finch, but yields to his namesake in India for connection with the craft in stitching its nest. The shrike, or butcher-bird, has also obtained the name Tail-er, but on account of a horizontal movement he makes with his tail in advancing.

†This is the acceptation by the local antiquaries, and especially insisted upon by the late Rev. William Monkhouse; but with which my friend Mr. Thomas Wright will not agree. In a letter to me he says-" I am sorry to think that the Anglo-Saxon wie has nothing to do with marshy situations, but that it means simply a habitation, any place where men dwell. It is one of the commonest words in the Anglo-Saxon language, and is found continually in Beowulf and the earliest remains of Anglo-Saxon literature. I don't know that it is taken from the Latin vicus, but it is no doubt derived from the same primitive word from which that Latin one came. I should render it a hamlet."

Such are the scanty philological remains of a former day, but even this portion is rather delicate ground to tread upon. "I have been very wary,' says Camden, "about the etymology of Britain;" our excellent historian well knowing that the originals of countries are obscure and uncertain. Errors must still exist, "for who is so good a pilot," he asks, "as to cruise in this unknown Sea of Antiquity without splitting upon rocks?" And he winds up the argument with what is too commonly the case

§3. ARCHEOLOGICAL COLLECTANEA.

To the section on the local antiquities of this district in the Edes Hartwellianæ I am enabled to add a little, though nothing very important, to that sketch. With a view to this end, I have kept my weather-eye open upon all the "finds" and discoveries of the county antiquaries and antiquists far and near; but at present must confine myself to the immediate vicinity.

At page 6 of the Edes I made a brief mention of the detection, by the Vicar of Stone and the Secretary S.A., of two pit-shafts in the field adjacent to the vicarage. Locally these are very interesting, because it is evident that they were sunk for sepulture, and not for latrine or rubbish-holes. They were critically examined and ably described by Mr. J. Y. Akerman in an illustrated paper which was read to the Society of Antiquaries on the 21st of November, 1850, and is printed in the Archæologia, vol. xxxiv. pages 21-32.

While this account was in hand I carefully examined both the site and the spoils which were then obtained. The latter were in the possession of

the Rev. J. B. Reade, and a proper estimation of them may be formed from a sample which he photographed : ·

C

It is remarkable, and sufficiently bespeaks the homeliness of this cemetery, that not one of these vessels, nor any fictile fragment around, bears the potter's mark-a stamp so generally remarked on superior manufactures. Some of the urns were of a light colour, others of a dark slate tint; and with them were found different remains of oxen, a portion of skin tanned and preserved by the action of the sulphureous acid from the blue clay below, two bronze rings of rude construction, a small iron disc, and a quantity of charred wood. At the very bottom of the second pit was a situla or bucket, which excited attention from its shape and condition: it was found that the edges of its oaken staves were strongly connected by means of wooden pins, and the whole was bound together with iron hoops. It was furnished with ears or cleats for the handle, the which, however, could not be found. This is the vicar's representation of it, under photographic accuracy :-

Mr. Reade was a zealous and careful scrutineer of all the "finds in his domain, as regarded objects of antiquity. In the year 1840 his gardener dug -up in the vicarage orchard a large bronze fibula, of Teutonic fabric, which was exhibited to a meeting of the Society of Antiquaries of London, and engraved in the Appendix to the thirtieth volume of their Archæologia. This specimen of the finery of a by-gone day is curious from its size, ornamentation, and belle tournure. By a shred of coarse cloth which still adhered to a fragment of the acus, it was presumed to have been interred with the body of its owner, who, by another assumption, might have been of the true religion; but the cruciform shape of the trinket affords no evidence, for we know that the heathen Teutones had long adopted the crossing-mould; there

fore it was as likely to have been worn, for use or adornment, in the days of Pagan as of Christian Saxondom.

Shortly after this occurrence, when the crown of the hill between the aforesaid orchard and the adjacent windmill, was lowered to improve the high road from Aylesbury to Oxford, several human skeletons, together with bones of oxen and horses, were turned up by the labourers: there was also a singular horse-shoe, and numerous relics of weapons. A few all but obliterated thirdbrass Roman coins,* and an indifferent larger one of Magnentius, were also picked out from the rubbish; the latter of which was presumed to stamp the general date of the "find" as of between 300 and 400 years A.D. This, however, is only conjecture, for such a piece of money may have been in circulation long after its being minted; and my own impression, after inspecting the whole, was that these vestigia ought not to be considered of an earlier time than the ninth or tenth century. Near this spot, and about the same time, a skeleton was disinterred, with a spear-head, a knife, and the umbo of a buckler; and pretty close to it, among unequivocal marks of extensive fires, were found two funereal vases containing human bones, so that pagan cremation and Teutonic interment were in juxta-position. Several other corroded Roman coins have been since picked up on and near the site, but under circumstances which yield no accurate information. Mr. Reade also found a curious silver ring in the sand-pit at Stone, set with a carnelian stone, on which is rudely engraven a hart,-as if to countenance the Hartwell myth.

In 1854, an aureus of Nero, in very fair condition, with a sedent Salus on its reverse, was discovered in Kingsey field near Twythorpe, so near the surface of the ground that a woman weeding turned it up with her spud. This coin, struck A.D. 54, was purchased by the late amiable Miss Harrison, at Dinton Rectory, who kindly sent it over for my inspection. In April 1858, a secondbrass of Probus was found by a labourer while digging in the plantation on

The colloquial name of swine-pence, given to third-sized Roman brass coins, is said to have been assigned because those animals caused their discovery by snouting them up to the surface.