And, indeed, if the design of higher art is to cmbellish human existence, why can it disdain to recognize the stupendous interests which spring from the industries of this affluent nation? The desire which stimulates the growing taste for what is beautiful in common things is educating the public mind to appreciate, by a natural adjustment, the finest work of the artist, and to imbue all with a critical knowledge of his creations, and thus to increase his patrons upon an almost incredible scale of magnitude. There is no extravagance of fancy in the belief that art-industry is destined to produce greater results upon the fine arts than the fine arts will ever produce upon it, and that it has already elaborated a taste for them which has not been reciprocated, and which can not hereafter be eradicated. It has produced perfect facsimiles of the finest engravings, and multiplied the works of the great masters, and reproduced the faces and figures of antique art in no respect inferior to the original, at a mere nominal cost; and busts and statues, palaces and cathedrals, spring from the picture-surface according to the optical powers applied to them; and the illustrated newspapers throw off any number of impressions pictorially delineating the main transactions of the great world.

Art-industry, regarded merely in its economics, simplicity, and accuracy, must be considered among the most humanizing accomplishments of mankind. Its relation to the fine arts is only distinguishable as going before them in the necessities of life and in the facilities which it presents to the masses of the people in its various employments and discoveries.

Cultivation refines the sensibilities, and has the same general effect upon all minds. There is a unity, not

only in all the arts, but the same thing is observable in art and science. Each courts the other, and their union is often thought to be indispensable. We know that the same study often involves a science and an art. What could have been known of the laws of chemistry, if the instruments furnished by art had not separated its ele ments and brought them home to our cognizance? The telescope, the mariner's quadrant, and the air-pump come from the workshop, as do all the instruments of precision which have contributed so immensely to the original stock of human knowledge.

In these instances, and in many others, Science and Art go hand in hand like sisters. The skilled and intelligent working-classes will find that they occupy a much greater share of human enjoyment and honor, and that the line dividing those engaged in the useful pursuits of life from those engaged in intellectual industry will appear less and less in a disadvantageous light. The true, the beautiful, and the good are sources of unfailing pleasure, and the culture of the heart brings a noble recompense which is to be prized more than wealth without the tastes which should accompany it. The man of mental industry and the man of skilled industry stand in a fortunate position, between the sordid rich and the sordid poor, for they possess a consciousness of knowledge and refinement unknown to the possessors of tasteless wealth, or the helplessness of ignorant poverty. The artist, the artisan, the scholar, and the philosopher are advancing slowly but steadily into the world's sympathies and its busy intercourse. They who think and work are the classes that produce the literature of the times, and whose acts will become the history of the future. Study and

the exercise of its arts no longer drift into the eddies of life while the stream of wealth and honor pass by. The artificer of material work and the artificer of thought are engaged in the same object, only in different degrees of effort, but of the same general nature. The difference is between the work of the hand and the work of the brain; and, in comparing the two, the former is rising higher and higher in the scale of intellectual enjoyment, and is assuming consideration socially in proportion to the elements of taste and beauty which it applies to the material conditions of life. Thousands of women trained in our art-schools are rescued from dependence and want, and have learned almost unconsciously that life is worth living; and thousands of men skilled in their calling have been raised to a level of the best educated and the most fully informed of those in commercial or professional life.

Indeed, industrial education is the working-man's best friend and hope in the world; and the advantages which it holds out for his improvement are practically endless. By means of it he may expect not only to realize greater perfection in his work, but also an advance in his social relations; for when art and skill in any direction whatever are developed, they are and must be accompanied by an education of general taste, and an improvement in mind and manners, that will bring him abreast with the best associates in his immediate society.

APPENDIX.

Extract from the Annual Catalogue, 1881–'82, of the School for Manual Instruction of Washington University, St. Louis, referred to in Chapter V.

THE THEORY OF SHOP-WORK.

THE application of the educational idea to mechanic arts is strictly analogous to its application to chemistry and physics. In each, the use of apparatus and the treatment of material is taught by systematic experiments in suitable laboratories. In each, everything is arranged for the purpose of giving instruction in the principles involved, and for acquiring skill in manipulation, and not for the sake of the production of salable compounds of either drugs or apparatus.

Chemical laboratories might be manufactories, and mixtures might be made for sale, but the efficiency of such a laboratory for the purpose of education would be very small. So a manufacturing establishment can be made a place for instruction in the use of tools, but its cost would be great in proportion to its capacity, and the variety of work would be limited by its business.

SPECIAL TRADES ARE NOT TAUGHT.

The scope of a single trade is too narrow for educational purposes. Manual education should be as broad and liberal