My note has been mislaid, but I believe that a fountain pen was described and figured in Nicolas Bion's "Traité de la Construction et des Principaux Usages des Instrumens de Mathématique (1723) or in Edmund Stone's "The Construction and Principal Uses of Mathematical Instruments. Translated from the French of M. Bion.... To which are added, the Construction and Uses of such Instruments as are omitted by M. Bion; particularly of those invented or improved by the English " (1723). Neither work is in the Bodleian, and when in London, several years ago I was asked by Sir James Murray to examine the copies in the British Museum for "pedometer." I have a strong recollection that I also found fountain pen, but as six years have elapsed, perhaps my memory is playing me a trick.

The authorship of The Picture of London,' London, R. Phillips, 1802, is attributed in Anderson's British Topography,' p. 181, to J. (? John) Feltham. This would indicate that Feltham was also the author (or editor, or compiler) of A Guide to all the WateringPlaces and Sea-Bathing Places,' issued by Phillips in 1803. W. SCOTT.

The author of The Picture of London,' who is also described as the editor of 'A Guide to all the Watering-Places,' &c., was John Feltham.

WILLIAM E. A. AXON. 191, Plymouth Grove, Manchester.

[W. B. H. also thanked for reply.]

INDEX TO FOXE: LISTS OF MARTYRS (11 S. i. 248, 334).—Much interesting information relating to the sufferings of members of the Society of Friends, taken from original records, will be found in the valuable Journal issued quarterly by the Friends' Historical Society. G. L. APPERSON.

SIR JOHN CHADWORTH (11 S. i. 129, 354). The name of this civic worthy was not Chadworth, but Shadworth, and he was not a knight.

Shadworth's wills, dated 7 May, 1428, and 7 Jan., 1429(-30), enrolled Monday after the Feast of St. Faith (i.e., Oct. 9), 9 Hen. VI. (1430), are summarized in Dr. Reginald Sharpe's admirable Calendar of enrolled in the Court of Husting,' vol. ii, pp. 452, 453. For a summary of Shad worth's public services I may refer to my

Wills

6

ALFRED B. BEAVEN.

THE FEAST OF THE ASS (11 S. i. 329).— N. M. & A. will find all about the Feast of the Ass in Hampson's 'Medii Ævi Kalendarium,' i. 140 sqq. He says that it was instituted about 990, and did not entirely cease until about the end of the sixteenth century. He gives instances of similar things in Great Britain. JOHN R. MAGRATH.

Queen's College, Oxford.

The registers of the Cathedral of Autun show that from 1411 to 1416, in the Feast of Buffoons, an ass was led in procession with a chasuble thrown over him, and to the usual chorus of "Hé, sire âne, he!" sung by lay-clerks in masquerade costume. See Lacroix, Science and Literature in the Middle Ages and Renaissance,' Lond., 1878, p. 243, where Ass customs at Sens, Beauvais, and Rouen are also referred to. The words and music of the "Prose of the Ass," sung on these occasions, are given from a MS. of the thirteenth century in the Sens Library, figs. 174, 175. The bright and beautiful melody to hymn 447 in Hymns Ancient and Modern,' Soldiers, who are Christ's below," attributed in the Index to R. Redhead as Composer of Tune," is the same as the thirteenth-century tune referred to above, which would seem incredible without MS. evidence. The "Prose" begins Orientis partibus adventavit asinus." Durham.

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J. T. F.

For a considerable amount of interesting information upon this subject N. M. & A. should consult Du Cange, Gloss.,' tom. iii. col. 426, 427, and Thos. Warton, 'Hist. Eng. Poetry,' 1788, vol. ii. pp. 360, 368-70.

John Brady, Clavis Calendaria,' 1815, also refers to the custom, vol. ii. pp. 86-7, and to the Palm Sunday worship of the ass, vol. i. p. 279.

Warton (vide supra) says the festival originated at Constantinople, and was instituted by Theophylact, Patriarch of that place, about 990 A.D. JOHN HODGKIN.

Chambers's Book of Days,' i. 112-13, gives an account of this festival.

W. SCOTT.

Some account of this festival is to be found in Curiosities of Popular Customs,' by W. S. Walsh, 1898, pp. 73-5. The ceremony seems to have had similar features

W. B. GERISH.

An account of this festival by Mr. G. Silva of Verona will be found in the April issue of Work and Witness, published_at 57, Berners Street, W. HARRY HEMS.

[We have forwarded to the querists the extracts sent by MR. HEMS.]

THE HON. JOHN FINCH (11 S. i. 249, 297). To speak strictly, he was not "killed " on 29 June, 1777; for, though he died that day, his death was due to wounds received in a skirmish that had taken place on 26 June. The following "Extract of a letter from camp at Middle-brook, June 28," will be read with interest :

"I must not omit to mention a little affair that happened in the late engagement. The fire growing hot, and our men beginning to retreat, a British officer singly rode up to a cannon that was playing on the enemy, and with his pistols and hanger Stirling, he cried, 'Come here, you damned rebel, forced every man from it, then seeing Lord and I will do for you.' Lord Stirling answered him, by directing the fire of four marksmen upon him, which presently silenced the hardy fool, by killing him on the spot."-The Pennsylvania Evening Post, 3 July, 1777, iii. 351. He lived, however, for three days.

Will F. DE H. L. kindly give his authority for stating that the Hon. John Finch was "the fourth son of Heneage Finch, third Earl of Aylesford ? According to Burke, that nobleman had seven sons, but John is not among them. The following was printed in The Pennsylvania Journal of 16 July, 1777 :—

take the cannon in the affair of Lord Stirling, was "The person who was killed in attempting to the Honorable Mr. Finch, son of the Earl of Winchelsea, who came out this spring as a volunteer. After he fell, his horse came over and was taken by our army. Finch was buried with great of the American Revolution,' i. 451. pomp by General Howe."-In F. Moore's Diary

The then Earl of Winchelsea was George Finch, ninth Earl; but as he was born in

1752, obviously the Hon. John Finch could

John Finch have been the son of Daniel not have been his son. Could the Hon. Finch, the eighth Earl of Winchelsea? If so, he must have been illegitimate; for otherwise he would have succeeded to the title on the death of the eighth Earl in 1769. Of course the report in the American paper as to the parentage of the Hon. John Finch may have been an error.

Boston, U.S.

ALBERT MATTHEWS.

THE CANADIAN BOAT SONG' (11 S. i. 81, 136, 256, 311).—MR. LOVEKIN'S quotation touches one of the few points in Galt's biographical writings which bring him within measurable distance of being accepted as the author of the song. He says in his 'Autobiography' (ii. 72) that on one occasion,

"after descending the river, we steered across Lake Simcoe; the boatman during the time amused us in the stillness of the evening with those French airs which Moore has rendered so popular by his Canadian boat songs.'

6, Portland Court, W.

J. SPENCER CURWEN.

[Reply also from MR. G. M. FRASER.] CHINA AND JAPAN: THEIR DIPLOMATIC INTERCOURSE (11 S. i. 8, 154). John W. Foster, who was the adviser of the Chinese in 1895 in ending the Chino-Japanese War, said in his 'Diplomatic Memoirs (Boston, 1909, vol. ii. p. 146) ::

"A notable feature of the negotiations, both at Hiroshima and Shimonoseki, was the general use made of the English language. Ito, Mutsu, and the Chinese secretaries spoke it freely, and in the conferences it was the language of communication. It was necessary to interpret what occurred into Chinese for the information of the Viceroy, and his replies were interpreted into English, not Japanese. All the formal documents exchanged were accompanied by an English translation, and when haste was required, English only was used." ROCKINGHAM.

Boston, Mass.

BARFRESTON CHURCH (11 S. i. 348).— With reference to MR. HARRIS STONE's I may mention that Mr. R. C. Hussey, query, F.S.A., in a paper which appeared in Archæologia Cantiana, 1886, conjectures that this church was part of a monastic establishment erected by Archbishop Baldwin at Hackington, near Canterbury, and that after his death in 1190 this church was taken down and transferred to Barfreston. JOHN BAVINGTON JONES.

Dover.

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HOGLER," CHURCH OFFICIAL (11 S. i. 349). See 'N.E.D.,' v. 326, under "Hoggler, hogler 22: Of uncertain origin and meaning. Occurs frequently in Churchwardens' Accts. in the s.w. of England." Quotations from 1465 to 1626. The only explanation admitted is that of Bishop Hobhouse, "a field labourer of the lowest class." 22 W. C. B.

DUKE'S PLACE, ALDGATE (11 S. i. 326).— It was Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, and not any Duke of St. Albans, who lived here, and after whom the open spaceprobably a courtyard-was named. See Stow (ed. Kingsford), i. 142 Strype, ii. 58. ALECK ABRAHAMS.

22

2

ROMAN AUGURS (11 S. i. 189).-The attribution of the saying both to Cicero and to Cato finds its explanation in the fact that in his 'De Divinatione,' ii. 24, 51, Cicero writes, "Vetus autem illud Catonis admodum scitum est, qui mirari se aiebat, quod non rideret haruspex, haruspicem cum vidisset "; while in i. 26, 71 of the De Natura Deorum Gaius Aurelius Cotta, one of the persons of the dialogue, remarks, Mirabile videtur, quod non rideat haruspex, cum haruspicem viderit," without making any mention of Cato. The first of these passages is included in King's 'Classical and Foreign Quotations,' No. 2903, where the curious mistake is made of translating scitum by "well-known," whereas the word means shrewd or witty.

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Jacob Roggeveen. A translation of his official log of 1721-2, concerning the discovery of the island, begins the text of this volume. The reports which follow contain a good deal of technical seafaring and formal matter which is dull. As soon, however, as we reach details of the island itself, there is much to interest us in the descriptions of the inhabitants, their idols of stone (described as superb statues "), their weapons (sharp-edged stones), and their ideas of morality. A journal kept by an officer of the frigate Santa Rosalia says of the inhabitants :

"The principal men, as well as the women, are extremely addicted to beg, and take with gladness whatever comes to their hands, without making any return; they show no resentment if deprived of their spoils: they are quite content with old rags, ribbons, coloured paper, playing-cards, and other bagatelles. Everything of a bright red colour pleases them greatly, but they despise black; they are so fond of taking other people's property that what one man obtains another will take from him, and he yields it without feeling aggrieved: the most he will do is to resist a little, then he loses his hold of it and they remain friends."

Again :

"I made a bow and arrow, duly strung, by way of experiment, and on handing it to one of those with the scars he instantly stuck it on his head as an ornament, and then hung it round his neck with much joy, being totally ignorant of its use and effect."

Dr. Corney, though a competent editor, has a looseness of style which is hardly up to the standard of the Society's publications.

Sir Richard Temple has used admirable diligence in annotating the travels of Peter Mundy, a lively and indefatigable recorder whose work abounds in historical notes and curious details of bygone days. Mundy, born in Penryn, South Cornwall, about 1596, was an educated man with a talent for languages, and the MS. of his writing at the Bodleian Library covers a period of sixty years! Here we have the European travels, the Indian voyages being reserved for later publication. We select a few of the many things which have struck us as noteworthy in the volume.

There is an elaborate description with illustrations of Punishments used in Turkie: stakeinge; gaunchinge, drubbing or beating on the feete.' Gaunching means punishment by the gaunches," great, sharp-pointed iron hooks on which the victim was dropped with his hands

66

and feet tied.

At Venice the author speaks of "Privilees," i.e., members of the privileged classes. He saw here the Bucentero, a vessel like a Gallye, but shorter, thicker, and higher, whereon is shown the uttermost of Art for carved Worke, that being over layed with gold, soe that when shee is in the Water, shee appeares to be all of pure gold." He goes on to describe the use of this vessel by the Duke and nobility of Venice, who go to marry the sea every year on Ascension Day, a rich ring being let down into the water by a string, and pulled up after various ceremonies. In Calais (spelt indifferently Callaies and Callais) Mundy found only one church in 1620, whereas there were no fewer than eighteen in Canterbury. He lay " in this

66

At

city at "The Checker," "The Chequers Inn," of which considerable remains are still extant. Gravesend his party took two light boats since called gigs, but described by him as ' light horsemen.'

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Chensford, a prettie hansome toun," recalls a pronunciation of Chelmsford which is said in the notes to have been used by the older inhabitants of Essex 66 as late as the close of last century."

M "St. Maloes in Brittaine" the traveller speaks of as a place of very great strength and traffic, which, in addition to its natural and artificial fortifications, was protected at night by "twentyfour mungrell Doggs" sent out of the gates with a keeper. While Mundy was there, they tore one man in pieces as well as cattle.

notes referring to Coryat's Crudities,' Lithgow, Throughout the student will find excellent Moryson, and other authorities on the routes traversed and things seen. This part of the work adds much to its attractions.

gree.

The Burlington Magazine opens with two important articles on the questions which have agitated connoisseurs, the wax bust ascribed to Leonardo and the Rokeby Venus. The former the editors regard without hesitation as entirely the work of Richard Cockle Lucas, deprecating the attitude of "racial animosity between England and Germany which has been taken by some unwise experts and critics. As to the Rokeby Venus, the editorial pronouncement is: "Our belief in the authenticity of the picture remains unshaken. It is founded upon the singularly unanimous verdict of all serious students of Velasquez's art, headed by Señor de Beruete." The alleged markings are discussed in a moderate 66 few great spirit, and it is pointed out that masterpieces have a better-authenticated pediFlicke,' by Mary F. S. Hervey, include his will of The Notes on a Tudor Painter: Gerlach 1558, recently discovered at Somerset House. This of documents fairly accessible. Mr. C. J. Holmes shows what we may still expect from collections continues his studies of Pictures in the Salting Collection.' The illustraFrench and English tions Moonrise at the Mouth of the Yare,' by John Crome, and Spetchley,' by John Constable, show what treasures the nation has secured. There are several of Constable's works depicting his favourite district on the Stour, and his visits to Hampstead and Brighton. Mr. Ananda K.. Coomaraswamy writes with illustrations 'Indian Bronzes,' making an interesting com-parison between Oriental and Greek workmanship. There are also illustrations to Mr. Campbell Dodgson's article on Recent Publications of Rembrandt Drawings,' which fully deserve the praise and attention of the expert. The Fountain of Life: an Iconographical Study,' by Evelyn Underhill, is of interest to theologians as. well as artists. There are some beautiful specimens of Irish Chippendale figured in an article on the subject by Mr. Herbert Cescinsky; and further illustrations show the remarkable quality of some of the Japanese national monuments which are to be seen at Shepherd's Bush this summer. These are briefly described by Mr. Roger Fry, who expects from the study of Oriental art a new renaissance in our own painters and designers.

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