larger proportion of families deriving an income from contributions of children than do the Poles, while the Poles have the largest and the Dutch the smallest proportion of families deriving an income from payments of boarders or lodgers. The proportion of families having an income from the earnings of wife is much larger for the Swedes than for any other race.

In the following table also the sources of family income are shown in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family, but each source specified is exclusive of all other sources. In other words, the proportion of families under each designated source have their entire income from that source:

TABLE 38.-Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of the families for which information was secured, 42.3 per cent have their entire income from the husband, 24.9 per cent from husband and children, 13.2 per cent from husband and boarders or lodgers, and 17.4 per cent from sources or combinations of sources not specified in the table. The proportion of families deriving the entire income from the husband is larger for the native-born of foreign father than for the native-born of native father and larger for the latter than for the foreign-born; the proportion deriving the entire income from husband and children together is larger for the foreignborn than for the native-born of native father and larger for the latter than for the native-born of foreign father; and the proportion of families deriving the entire income from husbands and boarders or lodgers is largest for the native-born of native father, second largest for the foreign-born, and smallest for the native-born of foreign father. A larger proportion of Dutch than of Polish or Swedish families derive the entire income from the husband and from the husband and children, respectively, while a much larger proportion of the Polish than of the Dutch or Swedish families derive their entire income from husband and boarders or lodgers.

RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of total yearly income from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, in the households studied:

TABLE 39.-Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.

Among the families studied the principal sources of income are earnings of husband and contributions of children, 77 per cent of the total income of all families being derived from the former and 16.3 per cent from the latter source. The proportion of family income derived from earnings of husband is larger for the families of the native-born of foreign father than for the families of native-born of native father and larger for the latter than for the foreign-born families, while the proportion of total income derived from contributions of children is much larger for the foreign-born families than for either the families of the native-born of native father or those of the households native-born of foreign father. All of the foreign-born families, irrespective of race, derive about the same proportion of the total income from the earnings of husband, while the Dutch derive the largest and the Poles the smallest proportion of total family income from contributions of children.

CHAPTER IV.

WORKING CONDITIONS.

Regularity of employment-The immigrant and organized labor-[Text Tables 40 to 42 and General Table 19].

REGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT.

The regularity of employment offered by the furniture industry as well as the relative industriousness of the employees may be estimated in the following table, which shows by general nativity and race of individual the months worked during the past year by males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over and who were employed away from home. By the term "past year" in this connection is meant the twelve months immediately preceding the collection of the data.

TABLE 40.-Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of the individuals for whom information was secured almost all worked six months or over, 88.8 per cent worked nine months or over, and 54.5 per cent worked twelve months or over. The proportion of individuals who worked twelve months or over and nine months or over, respectively, is largest for the native-born of native father, second largest for the native-born of foreign father, and smallest for the foreign-born. Of the race groups native-born of foreign father, the Dutch, and of the foreign-born, the Swedes, have the largest proportion of individuals who worked twelve months.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the months worked during the past year by females in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over and who were employed away from home.

TABLE 41.-Months worked during the past year by females 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Almost all of the females 16 years of age or over employed away from home, for whom information was secured, worked six months or over, 89.8 per cent worked nine months or over, and 63.6 per cent worked twelve months or over.

THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR.

The smallness of the extent to which employees in the industry are members of labor organizations is exhibited by the following table, which shows by general nativity and race of individual the affiliation with trade unions of males in the households studied who were 21 years of age or over and who were working for wages.

TABLE 42.-Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over working for wages by general nativity and race of individual.

Of the individuals for whom information was secured only 1.1 per cent of the foreign-born and none of the native-born of native father or the native-born of foreign father were affiliated with trade unions.

CHAPTER V.

HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS.

Rent in its relation to standard of living-Boarders and lodgers-Size of apartments occupied-Size of households studied-Congestion-[Text Tables 43 to 55 and General Tables 20 to 31].

RENT IN ITS RELATION TO STANDARD OF LIVING.

The monthly rent payments of households whose heads were employed in the furniture manufacturing industry are significant in their bearing upon the standard of living of the employees because of the practice of crowding the apartments in order to reduce the per capita rent outlay. This condition is disclosed by the following series of tables, the first of which shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average rent per month per apartment, per room, and per person.

TABLE 43.-Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

The families for which information was secured pay an average rental of $7.83 per apartment, $1.48 per room and $1.63 per person. The average monthly rental per apartment, per room, and per person is largest for the households native-born of native father, second largest for the native-born of foreign father, and smallest for the foreign-born. Of the foreign-born the Swedes pay the highest and the Lithuanians the lowest rental per apartment and per person and the Dutch the lowest per room.

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