with all pleasant memories, such as "song of bird and hue and odor of blossom," which in its sweetness, freshness, and delicate coloring it much resembles.

THE little volume of "Miscellaneous Writings" by the late Chancellor Hoyt of St. Louis,* will be read with interest, not only by the large circle of his personal friends, but also by many who knew him only through his growing reputation, and who will be attracted to his writings by the importance of the themes discussed, the freshness and vigor of the thought, the aptness of the illustrations, and by the healthfulness of tone which even physical sickness could not disturb. The collection comprises two addresses, the admirable Inaugural Address on "The Relation of Culture and Knowledge in a University Education,” delivered on occasion of his entering on the duties of Chancellor of Washington University, and an address on "Progress in Popular Education," delivered before several Teachers' Institutes; four very able and attractive review-articles; two lyceum lectures; and several speeches, and other papers. In all of Mr. Hoyt's writings we see evidences of a ripe and various culture, a sound and exercised judgment, a genial and healthful spirit, and a directness of purpose, which, with his perfect intellectual honesty, were doubtless among the chief elements in his great professional success both at Exeter and at St. Louis. Many of his papers, it is true, bear the marks of haste in preparation, and there are a few inelegancies of expression, which would probably have been corrected if Mr. Hoyt had lived long enough to make a proper revision of the whole volume; but with these exceptions his style is clear, strong, and adequate to the demands of his subjects. As a writer on topics connected with the advance of liberal culture, a high rank must be assigned him; and many of his criticisms on literary topics are striking and happy. Prefixed to the collection is a short and admirable Preface by Professor Peabody of Cambridge, doing full justice to Mr. Hoyt's great moral excellence, and his intellectual ability. The volume is also enriched by an excellent portrait of the author.

It is not easy to say too much in praise of Mr. Calvert's little treatise, which might, in Kantian phrase, be designated "The Critique of the Pure Gentleman." The author is known to the literary world by various publications-prose and poetry-extending over a space of thirty years. Among the former, the translation of Schiller's and Goethe's Correspondence, and "Scenes and Thoughts in Europe," have obtained the greatest celebrity; of the latter, two "Comedies," published in 1856 by Phillips and Sampson, hold the foremost place. These last discover true genius, and deserve, in our judgment, to be more widely known.

* Miscellaneous Writings: Addresses, Lectures, and Reviews. By JOSEPH G. HOYT, LL. D. Boston: Crosby and Nichols. 1863. Small 8vo. pp. viii. and †The Gentleman. By GEORGE H. CALVERT. Boston: Ticknor and Fields.

302.

In the present volume he speaks from a height of experience and refinement which gives his statements an authority beyond the intuitions of genius, and beyond the subtilties of criticism. No mere intellectual discrimination is equal to the appreciation of the Gentleman. Mr. Calvert, whose illustrious ancestor, the founder of Maryland, wrote a book on "The Practice of Princes," might seem to have an hereditary vocation for the theme discussed in these pages. Certainly he handles it en maître.

Among the choice specimens of the gentleman which he puts forward, appears the figure of St. Paul, from whose speech before Agrippa he cites a notable illustration.

"Then Agrippa said to Paul, Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian. And Paul said, I would to God that not only thou, but all who hear me this day, were both almost and altogether such as I am.' Here was a fitting close to the most beautiful, the most memorable speech on record. To all orators of whom we know, it had here been finished and well finished; not so to St. Paul. To him three words were yet wanting to it, words which could only have been spoken by the tongue of one, a gentleman of ripest sensibility, of the most tender regardfulness towards others, and of a high-bred grace, the like of which the king in his many audiences had not surely witnessed before. Figure his great countenance aglow with the sublime fulness of the occasion, as, slightly bending forward and lifting up his manacled hands, he adds, ‘except these bonds." This extemporaneous utterance of exquisite yet simple feeling, of subtlest consideration for his hearers, an instantaneous feelingfull thoughtfulness, as far exceeds all famous strokes of oratory as the play of lightning exceeds all pyrotechnic ostentation."

Whilst insisting that gentlemanliness is a product of Christian culture, and scarcely known to the ancients, the author recognizes one or two signal exceptions, and especially that of Socrates, in whose desire to bathe before drinking the poison, in order "not to trouble the women with the washing of my dead body,..... that which is of the inmost essence of gentlemanhood, kindly, anticipative thoughtfulness for others, is here - considering the occasion and the moment carried to the sublime." Among the Romans, the only gentleman who pre-eminently deserves that distinction, according to Mr. Calvert, is Brutus. A conclusion from which we strongly dissent. The Brutus of history is a pedant and an assassin; it is only on the stage that he is made the model gentleman of Rome. There are many besides who may better claim that title, Scipio Africanus, for example, and Fabius Maximus. Indeed, although we allow the general truth of Mr. Calvert's position as to the superiority of the Christian style, we must take a wider margin of qualification than he has conceded. There never was a class of men over whom the sentiment of "noblesse oblige" had more power than the aristocracy of Rome; and notwithstanding the coarse and disdainful temper illustrated by a passage between Cato and Cæsar, quoted from Plutarch (p. 63), there was never, we suspect, a Christian parliament or council subsisting for the same length of time, whose record has shown more of the personal pride and self-respect which we connect with the idea of a real gentleman, than the Roman Senate.

The author does not affect to give a catalogue of the foremost gen

tlemen of the world, and yet we are rather surprised to find no mention made of two such conspicuous figures as Tancred and Salah-ed-din, the two gentlemen of the Crusades.

As a storehouse of information, Mr. Emerson's account of London is very valuable, but as a work of entertainment or genius it can only be likened to the numerous compilations of Mr. Charles Knight, more weighty than brilliant. With such abundant material at command, he might easily have put together a picturesque book, which this certainly is not. From the lack of word-painting, we miss all the more the illustrations which the pages require. Its merits are rather negative than positive. It does not offend good taste, does not repeat profane or vulgar jokes, does not vex the reader by tiresome stories or pointless anecdotes, and does not weary by endless antiquarian details. There is nothing disagreeable in the matter, and the topics are well arranged and fairly balanced. Nevertheless, it is evident that Mr. Emerson has not made a good history of London, and that he is not equal to the task of writing such a history. He has some skill in describing recent improvements, but little in restoring life to the former days.

By far the most interesting part of the volume are the chapters which describe the City of London proper, that central nucleus around which the agglomeration of suburbs has clustered. Many facts related of this ancient centre will be new to most readers. Few, for instance,

we think, are aware how much larger and finer was the Gothic Cathedral of St. Paul, which was burned in the great fire two hundred years ago, than the Romanesque structure which is Christopher Wren's famous monument on that site. The length of "Old St. Paul's" was two hundred feet more than the length of the present building. The height of the spire was five hundred and twenty feet, fifty feet higher than the spire at Strasburg, and higher even than the Great Pyramid in Egypt. The space covered by it was three and a half acres; and the description of its interior magnificence sounds like the stories of Arabian romance. Dugdale fills twenty-eight folio volumes with a list of the treasures of this wonderful building. The loss of such a masterpiece of art and grandeur was indeed irreparable.

It is interesting, too, to know that more than three centuries ago London contained more inhabitants than the City proper, of which the Lord Mayor has jurisdiction, contains to-day, and that the population of London then was considerably less than the population of Boston now. Indeed, from this account it appears that the official who entertains traitors to-day rules over a population only about as large as that of Chicago, and that no less than eight American mayors have a larger constituency than this functionary. Many of the suburban boroughs of London are far larger than the "City" itself. Southwark is larger; Marylebone is larger; and in comparison with the united suburbs, the City" is insignificant. The Lord Mayor really governs only about one twentieth of the " 'great city."

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* London: How the Great City Grew. By GEORGE ROSE Emerson. London: Routledge, Warne, and Routledge. 1862. 16mo. pp. 313.

A remarkable fact in ecclesiastical story is mentioned in the account of Bankside. Here, some three centuries ago, were a collection of brothels, leased expressly for this use from the Bishops of Winchester who owned the property, under the stipulation that the houses were not to be opened on Sunday. The poor creatures to whom the Church refused Christian burial were allowed to turn the revenues of their abominable trade into the coffers of the Church. On one of these houses a Cardinal's hat was the sign. This is rather worse than what Ben Jonson tells of the traffic in St. Paul's; that "books, clothes, and tobacco were sold in the side aisles," and that the place was the habitual resort of usurers, blacklegs, horse-jockeys, and cut-throats. The details of this volume of Mr. Emerson (albeit he seems to be not a Dissenter, but a Churchman) are by no means complimentary to the morality of the Establishment.

After telling us about the growth of the central city, which since 1500 has been rather change than growth, Mr. Emerson sketches successively the history of Westminster, of Bermondsey and Southwark, of Kennington and Lambeth, of the West End, of the East End, of the Isle of Dogs and Rotherhithe, of Poplar, Bromley, and Blackwall, of Islington, of Pimlico and Chelsea, of Kensington and Hammersmith, of the Northwest, of Bethnal Green and Hackney, of Greenwich, of Deptford, and of Camberwell and Peckham. In these sketches, of course, he refers to the names of many noted men associated with the several localities. But the notices of this kind are very imperfect. Charles Lamb, Johnson, and other Londoners of equally positive mark, are barely mentioned. Coleridge is not mentioned that we remember. There is a pleasant picture of the household of Sir Thomas More, but no account of many households more distinctly joined to the several localities. We are not told about the history of the British Museum, or of Christ's Hospital, or of Drury Lane Theatre, though due attention is given to Mr. Spurgeon and his Tabernacle.

The nearest approach to a sarcasm in the volume is what is said of the Belgravian fashionable churches.

"Where there was so much aristocracy, of course there was a good deal of piety; so churches were needed in order that the beau monde might fitly worship. When churches are built in low neighborhoods, such as Bethnal Green, it is always because the people are so depraved that churches are required to convert them; but in such choice spots as Belgravia the demand comes from the piety, not the wickedness."

THE Completion of a work* so extensive, so honorable to the enterprise of its publishers and the skill of its conductors, and embodying in a clear, popular, and agreeable form so vast an amount of information of the sort most needed by the great reading public of our country, deserves more than the passing notice we were able to give it in our last number. We have several times directed attention to the features

The New American Cyclopædia: a Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge. Edited by GEORGE RIPLEY and CHARLES A. DANA. New York: D. Appleton & Co. Vol. XVI.

which characterize this work, - its unusual completeness in the list of topics, especially in the department of contemporary history and biography, and the general skill and felicity of its literary style, making it an excellent compend of popular reading, aside from its merits as a mere work of reference. The want of balance and proportion of parts, resulting partly from this latter feature of it, is well compensated by the authority given it in a list of contributors including (we were about to say) almost every name of any literary or professional eminence in America. To this we have now to add the Appendix, included in the present volume, and containing much the largest and most accessible mass of information on the momentous history of the last three years; and the Supplement which is announced, and of which the second volume has just appeared, to be contained in an annual volume of the same style and price with the original work. We learn, besides, that a copious Alphabetical Index to the whole work is now in preparation, and will probably be issued in the course of the ensuing season." This will fully remedy the defect in its mechanical arrangement, to which we have before referred; and will make it a compilation of unique character and value.

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*

In this connection we would refer again to the more compact and admirably prepared Encyclopædia in course of republication by Messrs. J. B. Lippincott & Co. of Philadelphia. In bulk, cost, and absolute number of titles, it is just about half the American work; and of course in its own field has no claim that can come in competition with it. But as a work of clear and easy reference, of sufficient fulness, and excellent arrangement and proportion of matter, it is perhaps unrivalled. Especially on topics of Science, Art, and Industry, we find ourselves referring to it more frequently than to any other; while its illustrations, particularly in Natural History, are drawn with great care and delicacy, and largely increase its value. The maps, which are beautifully executed, may be had either separately, or bound in the volumes of the main work. No one who is fortunate enough to possess both these excellent publications will regret the space they occupy on the family library-shelves.

A PAMPHLET prepared by Dr. Bowditch, on the need of a thoroughly organized Ambulance Corps, for the wounded and sick of our great armies, is illustrated by some of the most painful incidents of the recent campaigns, and deserves the attention of the general public, as well as of all men in authority.

* Chambers's Encyclopædia: a Dictionary of Universal Knowledge for the People. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. No. 63. Ides-Influenza.