and so much company would cause the drowsiness of Euty-ble to one who came behind the couch, as in the annexed chus at that late hour, and be the occasion, likewise, of the diagram:windows being open." In most houses, some place must have been appropriated to the preparation of food; but kitchens are for the first time mentioned in Ezek. xlvi. 23, 24. The hearth or fire-place appears to have been on the ground. Chimneys, such as are in use among us, were unknown to the Hebrews, even in the latest times of their polity. The smoke, therefore, escaped through large openings left for that purpose, which in our version of Hos. xiii. 3. are rendered by the equivalent term, chimneys.2 It was common, when any person had finished a house, and entered into it, to celebrate the event with great rejoicing, and to perform some religious ceremonies to obtain the divine blessing and protection. The dedication of a newly-built house was a ground of exemption from military service. (Deut. xx. 5.) The xxxth Psalm, as appears from the title, was composed on occasion of the dedication of the house of David; and this devout practice obtained also among the ancient Romans. In Deut. vi. 9. Moses directs the Israelites to write certain portions of his laws on the doors of their houses and the gates of their cities. This direction Michaelis understands not as a positive injunction, but merely an exhortation, to inscribe his laws on the door-posts of their houses. "In Syria and the adjacent countries, it is usual at this day to place inscriptions above the doors of the houses, consisting of passages from the Koran or from the best poets. Among us, where, by the aid of printing, books are so abundantly multiplied, and may be put into the hands of every child, such measures would be quite superfluous; but, if we would enter into the ideas of Moses, we must place ourselves in an age when the book of the law could only come into the hands of a few opulent people."4 IV. The FURNITURE of the oriental dwellings, at least in the earliest ages, was very simple: that of the poorer classes consisted of but few articles, and those such as were absolutely necessary. The interior of the more common and useful apartments was furnished with sets of large nails with square heads (like dice), and bent at the head so as to make them cramp-irons. In modern Palestine, the plan is to fix nails or pins of wood in the walls, while they are still soft, to suspend such domestic articles as are required; since, consisting altogether of clay, they are too frail to admit of the operation of the hammer. To this custom there is an allusion in Ezra ix. 8. and Isa. xxii. 23. On these nails were hung their kitchen utensils or other articles. Instead of chairs they sat on mats or skins; and the same articles, on which they laid a mattrass, served them instead of bedsteads, while their upper garment served them for a covering, and sovereigns had chairs of state or thrones with footstools. (Exod. xxii. 26, 27. Deut. xxiv. 12.) This circumstance accounts for our Lord's commanding the paralytic to take up his bed and go unto his house. (Matt. ix. 6.) The more opulent had (as those in the East still have) fine carpets, couches, or divans, and sofas, on which they sat, lay, and slept. (2 Kings iv. 10. 2 Sam. xvii. 28.) In later times their couches were splendid, and the frames inlaid with ivory (Amos vi. 4.), and the coverlids rich and perfumed. (Prov. vii. 16, 17.) On these sofas, in the latter ages of the Jewish state (for before the time of Moses it appears to have been the custom to sit at table, Gen. xliii. 33.), they universally reclined, when taking their meals (Amos ví. 4. Luke vií. 36-38.): resting on their side with their heads towards the table, so that their feet were accessi 1 Jowett's Christian Researches in the Mediterranean, po. 66, 67. Pareau, Antiquitas Hebraica, p. 363. 3 Bruning, Antiq. Hebr. p. 303, Michaelis's Commentaries, vol. iii. pp. 371, 372. "A mat and pillow form all the bed of the common people in the East; and the rolling up the one in the other has often struck ine as illustrating the command to rise, take up thy bed, and walk. (Luke v. 19. Mark ii. 4. 11.) In Acts ix. 31. Peter said to Eneas, Arise and spread thy bed for thyself. David's bed (1 Sam. xix. 15.) was probably the duan" (divan) or raised bench with two quilts, one doubled and serving for a mattrass, and the other as a covering. It was probably not unlike a sailor's hammock, laid on the floor or bench." Callaway's Oriental Observations, p. 21. A passage in Jeremiah xiii. 22. may in some degree be explained by the oriental mode of sitting-For the greatness of thine iniquity are thy skirts discovered, and thy heels made bare. "I have often been struck,' says Mr. Jowett, with the manner in which a great man sits; for example, when I visited the bashaw, Inever saw his feet: they were entirely drawn up under him, and covered by his dress. This was dignified. To see his feet his skirts must have been discovered: still more so, in order to see the heels, which often serve as the actual seat of an Oriental."Jowett's Christian Researches in the Mediterranean, p. 169. Jahn et Ackermann, Archæologia Biblica, $ 40. : с Α B In which A denotes the table, and c, c, c, the couches on which the guests reclined. B is the lower end, open for ser vants to enter and supply the guests. The knowledge of this custom enables us to understand the manner in which John leaned on the bosom of his Master (John xiii. 23.), and Mary anointed the feet of Jesus and wiped them with her hair; and also the expression of Lazarus being carried into Abraham's bosom (Luke xvi. 22.): that is, he was placed next to Abraham at the splendid banquet, under the image of which the Jews represented the happy state of the pious after death." Anciently, splendid hangings were used in the palaces of the eastern monarchs, and ample draperies were suspended over the openings in the sides of the apartments, for the twofold purpose of affording air, and of shielding them from the sun. Of this description were the costly hangings of the Persian sovereigns mentioned in Esth. i. 6.; which passage is confirmed by the account given by Quintus Curtius of their superb palace at Persepolis. Other articles of necessary furniture were, at least in the more ancient periods, both few and simple. The principal were a hand-mill, with which they ground their corn, a kneading-trough, and an oven. The HAND-MILL resembled the querns, which, in early times, were in general use in this country, and which still continue to be used in some of the more remote northern islands of Scotland, as well as in the East. So essential were these domestic utensils, that the Israelites were forbidden to take them in pledge. (Deut. xxiv. 6.) The KNEADING-TROUGHS (at least those which the Israelites carried with them out of Egypt, Exod. xii. 34.) were not the cumbersome articles now in use among us, but comparatively small wooden bowls, like those of the modern Arabs, who, after kneading their flour in them, make use of them as dishes out of which they eat their victuals. The OVEN was sometimes only an earthen pot in which fire was put to heat it, and on the outside of which the batter or dough was spread, and almost instantly baked. Cakes of bread were also baked by being placed within the oven. Besides these two articles, they must have had different kinds of earthenware vessels, especially pots to hold water for their various ablutions. While sitting upon the shattered wall which enclosed the Well of Cana" in Galilee, in February, 1820, Mr. Rae Wilson observed six females, having their faces veiled (Gen. xxiv. 66. Cant. v. 7.), come down to the well, each carrying on her head a pot (John ii. 6-10.), for the purpose of being filled with water: one of whom lowered her pitcher into the well and offered him water to drink, preciesly in the same manner in which Rebekah, many centuries before, had offered water to Abraham's servant. (Gen. xxiv. 18.) These water-pots are formed of clay, hardened by the heat of the sun, and are of a globular shape, large at the mouth, not unlike the bottles used in our country for holding vitriol, but not so large. Many of them have handles attached to the sides; and it was a wonderful coincidence with Scripture that the vessels appeared to contain much about the same quantity as those which, the evangelist informs us, were employed on occasion of the marriage which was honoured by the Saviour's presence; namely, three firkins, or twelve gallons each." About 10 Robinson's Greek Lexicon, voce K. 11 Rae Wilson's Travels in the Holy Land, &c. vol. ii. pp. 3, 4. 3d edition. years before, the Rev. Dr. E. D. Clarke, while explor-1 e ruins of Cana in Galilee, saw several large massy water-pots, answering the description given of the t vessels of the country (John ii. 6.); not preserved nor ted as relics, but lying about, disregarded by the prehabitants as antiquities with whose original use they acquainted. From their appearance, and the number of it was quite evident that the practice of keeping water e stone pots, each holding from eighteen to twentygallons, was once common in the country. In the later of the Jewish polity, BASKETS formed a necessary article niture to the Jews; who, when travelling either among entiles or the Samaritans, were accustomed to carry provisions with them in o, baskets, in order to avoid nent by eating with strangers.2 Large sacks are still, y anciently were (John ix. 11. Gen. xliv. 1-3.), emI for carrying provisions and baggage of every descripvls, cups, and drinking vessels of gold and silver, it rs from 1 Kings x. 21. were used in the courts of s; but the modern Arabs, as the Jewish people any did, keep their water, milk, wine, and other liquors, TTLES made of skins, which are chiefly of a red colour i. xxv. 5.); and their mouths are closed by slips of that they may contain milk or other liquids. These s, when old, are frequently rent, but are capable of bepaired, by being bound up or pieced in various ways. is description were the wine bottles of the Gibeonites, old ent, and bound up. (Josh. ix. 4.) As new wine was to ferment, and, consequently, would burst the old all prudent persons would put it into new skins. To sage our Lord alludes in Matt. ix. 17. Mark ii. 22. and v. 37, 38. Bottles of skin, it is well known, are still in Spain, where they are called Borrachas.5 As the make fires in their tents, which have no chimneys, must be greatly incommoded by the smoke, which ens all their utensils and taints their skins. David, driven from the court of Saul, compares himself to a in the smoke. (Psal. cxix. 83.) He must have felt y, when he was driven from the vessels of gold and in the palace of Saul, to live like an Arab, and drink a smoky leathern bottle. His language is, as if he had "My present appearance is as different from what it then I dwelt at court, as the furniture of a palace differs That of a poor Arab's tent." Apartments were lighted ans of LAMPS, which were fed with olive oil, and were only placed upon elevated stands. (Matt. v. 15.) The of Gideon's soldiers (Judg. vii. 16.), and those of the and foolish virgins (Matt. xxv. 1-10.), were of a difsort. They were a kind of torches or flambeaux made on or earthenware, wrapped about with old linen, ened from time to time with oil. V. In progress of time, as men increased upon the earth, and found themselves less safe in their detached tents, they began to live in society, and fortified their simple dwellings by surrounding them with a ditch, and a rude breastwork, or wall, whence they could hurl stones against their enemies. Hence arose villages, towns, and CITIES, of which Cain is said to have been the first builder. In the time of Moses, the cities of the Canaanites were both numerous and strongly fortified. (Num. xiii. 28.) In the time of David, when the number of the Israelites was greatly increased, their cities must have proportionably increased; and the vast population which (we have already seen) Palestine maintained in the time of the Romans is a proof both of the size and number of their cities. The principal strength of the cities in Palestine consisted in their situation: they were for the most part erected on mountains or other eminences which were difficult of access; and the weakest places were strengthened by fortifications and walls of extraordinary thickness. The streets in the Asiatic cities do not exceed from two to four cubits in breadth, in order that the rays of the sun may be kept off; but it is evident that they must have formerly been wider, from the fact that carriages were driven through them, which are now very seldom, if ever, to be seen in the East. The houses, however, rarely stand together, and most of them have spacious gardens annexed to them. It is not to be supposed that the almost incredible tract of land, which Nineveh and Babylon are said to have covered, could have been filled with houses closely standing together: an cient writers, indeed, testify that almost a third part of Baby lon was occupied by fields and gardens. In the early ages of the world the MARKETS were held at or near the Gates of the Cities (which, we have already seen, were the seats of justice), generally within the walls, though sometimes without them. Here commodities were exposed to sale, either in the open air or in tents (2 Kings vii. 18. 2 Chron. xviii. 9. Job xxix. 7.): but in the time of Christ, as we learn from Josephus, the markets were enclosed in the same manner as the modern eastern bazars, which are shut at night, and where the traders' shops are disposed in rows or streets; and (in large towns) the dealers in particular commodities are confined to particular streets. The GATES of the Cities, and the vacant places next adjacent to them, must have been of considerable size; for we read that Ahab king of Israel assembled four hundred false prophets before himself and Jehoshaphat king of Judah, in the Gate of Samaria. (1 Kings xxii. 10.) And besides these prophets, we may readily conclude that each of these mo narchs had numerous attendants in waiting. Over or by the side of many gates there were towers, in which watchmen were stationed to observe what was going on at a distance, (2 Sam. xviii. 24. 33.)8. CHAPTER II. ON THE DRESS OF THE JEWS.9 ess in the early Ages.-II. Tunic.-III. Upper Garment.-Other Articles of Apparel.-IV. Coverings for the Head.— de of dressing the Hair.-V. Sandals.—VI. Seals or Signets, and Rings.-VII. Some Articles of Female Apparel idated.-Complexion of the Women.-VIII. Rending of Garments, a Sign of Mourning.—IX. Numerous Changes of parel deemed a necessary Part of their Treasure. Ibid. vol. i. p. 176. Is the early ages, the dress of mankind was very sim-wards fine linen, and silk, dyed with purple, scarlet, and Skins of animals furnished the first materials (Gen. crimson, became the usual apparel of the more opulent. 1. Heb. xi. 37.), which, as men increased in numbers (2 Sam. i. 24. Prov. xxxi. 22. Luke xvi. 19.) In the more civilization, were exchanged for more costly articles, early ages, garments of various colours were in great esteem: of wool and flax, of which they manufactured woollen such was Joseph's robe, of which his envious brethren stripinen garments (Lev. xiii. 47. Prov. xxxi. 13.); after-ped him, when they resolved to sell him." (Gen. xxxvii. 23.) avele, vol. ii. p. 445. 2 Kuinöcl, on Matt. xiv. 19. Robes of various colours were likewise appropriated to the Wilson's Travels, vol. i. pp. 175, 176. virgin daughters of kings (2 Sam. xiii. 18.), who also wore armer's Observations, vol. 1. p. 217. See also vol. ii. pp. 135-138. for richly embroidered vests. (Psal. xlv. 13, 14.)12 It appears remarks illustrative of the nature of the drinking vessels anciently that the Jewish garments were worn pretty long; for it is mentioned as an aggravation of the affront done to David's ambassadors by the king of Ammon, that he cut off their garments in the middle, even to their buttocks. (2 Sam. x. 4.) The dress of the Jews, in the ordinary ranks of life, was simple and nearly uniform. John the Baptist had his raiment 11 A coat of many colours is as much esteemed in some parts of Pales tine at this day as it was in the time of Jacob, and of Sisera. Buckingham's Travels among the Arab Tribes, p. 31. Emerson's Letters from the Egean, vol. ii. p. 31. arong the Jews. un et Ackermann, Archæol. Bibl. § 40: Calmet's Dictionary, voce Rep. 54. supra. -371 ring, Antiq. Hebr. pp. 279–281. Calmet, Dissertations, tom. 1. pp. Jahn et Ackermann, Archæol. Bibl. § 41. Pareau, Ant. Hebr. principal authorities for this chapter are Calmet's Dissertation sur Habás des Hebreux, Dissert. tom. i. pp. 337-371.; and Pareau, as Hebraica, pp. 371-355. Mr. Rae Wilson met with some Arabs, residing near the (so called) e of Jeremiah, who were clothed in sheep and goat skins, open at eck. Travels in the Holy Land, &c. vol. i. p. 189. 3d edition. 12 Jahn et Ackermann, $5 118, 119. of camels' hair (Matt. iii. 4.),—not of the fine hair of that animal which is wrought into camlets (in imitation of which, though made of wool, is the English camlet), but of the long and shaggy hair of camels, which in the East is manufactured into a coarse stuff like that anciently worn by monks and anchorets.' It is evident, from the prohibition against changing the dresses of the two sexes, that in the time of Moses there was a difference between the garments worn respectively by men and women; but in what that difference consisted it is now impossible to determine. The fashion, too, of their apparel does not appear to have continued always the same; for, before the first subversion of the Jewish monarchy by Nebuchadnezzar, there were some who delighted to wear strange (that is, foreign) apparel. In every age, however, there were certain garments (as there still are in the East) which were common to both sexes, though their shape was somewhat different. II. The simplest and most ancient was the TUNIC, or inner garment, which was worn next the body. At first, it seems to have been a large linen cloth, which hung down to the knees, but which was afterwards better adapted to the form of the body, and was sometimes furnished with sleeves. The tunics of the women were larger than those worn by men. Ordinarily they were composed of two breadths of cloth sewed together; hence those which were woven whole, or without seam on the sides or shoulders, were greatly esteemed. Such was the tunic or coat of Jesus Christ mentioned in John xix. 23. A similar tunic was worn by the high-priest. This garment was fastened round the foins, whenever activity was required, by a girdle. (2 Kings iv. 29. John xxi. 7. Acts xii. 8.) The prophets and poorer class of people wore leathern girdles (2 Kings i. 8. Matt. iii. 4.), as is still the case in the East; but the girdles of the opulent, especially those worn by women of quality, were composed of more precious materials, and were more skilfully wrought. (Ezek. xvi. 10. Isa. iii. 24.) The girdles of the inhabitants of the East, Dr. Shaw informs us, are usually of worsted, very artfully woven into a variety of figures, such as the rich girdles of the virtuous virgins may be supposed to have been. (Prov. xxxi. 24.) They are made to fold several times about the body; one end of which being doubled back, and sown along the edges, serves them for a purse, agreeably to the acceptation of an in the Scriptures (Matt. x. 9. Mark viii. 6. where it is rendered a purse). The Turks make a further use of these girdles, by fixing therein their knives and poniards whilst the Hojias, i. e. the writers and secretaries, suspend in the same their inkhorns; a custom as old as the prophet Ezekiel, who mentions (ix. 2.) a person clothed in white linen, with an inkhorn upon his loins.3 incumbrance in their hykes. Instead of the fibula that was used by the Romans, the Arabs join together with thread or a wooden bodkin the two upper corners of this garment; and after having placed them first over one of their shoulders, they then fold the rest of it about their bodies. The outer fold serves them frequently instead of an apron, wherein they carry herbs, leaves, corn, &c., and may illustrate several allusions made thereto in Scripture; as gathering the lap full of wild gourds (2 Kings iv. 39.), rendering seven-fold, giving good measure into the bosom (Psalm cxxix. 7. Luke vi. 38.), and shaking the lap." (Neh. v. 13.) It was these it, or upper garments, which the Jewish populace strewed in the road during Christ's triumphant progress to Jerusalem, (Matt. xxi. 8.) A person divested of this garment, conforma bly to the Hebrew idiom, is said to be naked. (2 Sam. vi. 20. John xxi. 7.) By the Mosaic constitution, in Num. xv. 37-40., the Israelites were enjoined to put fringes on the borders of their upper garments that they might remember cli the commandments of the Lord to do them. A similar exhortation is recorded in Deut. vi. 8. compared with Exod. xiii. 16. But, in succeeding ages, these injunctions were abused to superstitious purposes; and among the charges alleged against the Pharisees by Jesus Christ, is that of enlarging their PHYLACTERIES, and the fringes of their garments (Matt. xxiii. 5.), as indicating their pretensions to a more studious and perfect observance of the law. These phylacteries con sisted of four strips or scrolls of parchment, or the dressed skin of some clean animal, inscribed with four paragraphs of the law, taken from Exod. xiii. 1-10. and xiii. 11-16. Deut. vi. 4-9. and xi. 13-21, all inclusive,; which the Pharisees, interpreting literally (as do the modern rabbins) Deut. vi. 8. and other similar passages, tied to the fronts of their caps and on their arms, and also inscribed on their doorposts. These phylacteries were regarded as amulets, or, at least, as efficacious in keeping off evil spirits, whence their Greek name т, from quarra, to guard or preserve. The practice of inscribing passages of the Koran upon the door-posts of their houses is said to be still continued by the Mohammedans in Judæa and Syria. The poor, hem, or border of Christ's garment, out of which a healing power issued to the diseased who touched it (Matt. ix. 20. xiv. 36. Mark vi. 56. Luke viii. 44.), was the fringe which he wore. in obedience to the law. The Xxapus, chlamys, or scarlet robe with which our Saviour was arrayed in mock majesty (Matt. xxvii. 28. 31.), was a scarlet robe worn by the Roman soldiers. The r was a flowing robe reaching to the feet, and worn by persons of distinction. (Mark xii. 38. xvi. 5. Luke xv. 22. xx. 46. Rev. vi. 11. vii. 9. 13, 14.) The Ed was a linen upper garment, worn by the Orientals in summer and by night, inIII. Over the tunic was worn a larger vest, or UPPER stead of the usual T. (Mark xiv. 51, 52.) It was also GARMENT. It was a piece of cloth nearly square, like the used as an envelope for dead bodies. (Matt. xxvii. 59. Mark hykes or blankets woven by the Barbary women, about six xv. 46. Luke xxiii. 53.) The un, or cloak (2 Tim. iv. yards long, and five or six feet broad. The two corners, 13.), was the same as the penula of the Romans, viz. a trawhich were thrown over the shoulders, were called the velling cloak with a hood to protect the wearer against the skirts, literally, the wings of the garment. (1 Sam. xv. 11. weather. The upcy, or handkerchief, corresponded to the xxiv. 4, 5. 11. Hag. ii. 12. Zech. viii. 23.) This garment Kader of the Greeks, and the sudarium of the Romans, serves the Kabyles or Arabs for a complete dress in the day; from whom it passed to the Chaldæans and Syrians with and as they sleep in their raiment (as the Israelites did of greater latitude of signification, and was used to denote any old, Deut. xxiv. 13.) it likewise serves them for their bed linen cloth. (John xí. 44. xx. 7. Acts xix. 12.) The Lumi and covering in the night. "It is a loose, but troublesome (semicinctium), or apron, passed also from the Romans: kind of garment, being frequently disconcerted and falling to the ground, so that the person who wears it is every moment obliged to tuck it up, and fold it anew around his body. This shows the great use of a girdle whenever they are engaged in any active employment, and the force of the Scripture injunction alluding to it, of having our loins girded, in order to set about it. The method of wearing these garments, with the use to which they are at other times put, in serving for coverlids to their beds, leads us to infer that the finer sort of them (such as are worn by the ladies and by persons of distinction) are the peplus of the ancients. Ruth's veil, which held six measures of barley (Ruth iii. 15.), might be of the like fashion, and have served extraordinarily for the same use; as were also the clothes (ra ipar, the upper garments) of the Israelites (Exod. xii. 34.), in which they folded up their kneading-troughs as the Moors, Arabs, and Kabyles do, to this day, things of the like burden and On this subject see Capt. Light's Travels in Egypt, &c. p. 135. and Mr. Morier's Second Journey in Persia, p. 44. Chardin assures us, that the modern Dervises wear garments of coarse camels' hair and also great leathern girdles. Harmer's Obs. vol. ii. p. 487. a Josephus, Ant. Jud. lib. iii. c. 7. § 4. it was made of linen, surrounded half the body (Acts xix. 12.), and corresponded nearly to the Пea of the Greeks. Whenever the men journeyed, a staff was a necessary accom paniment. (Gen. xxxii. 10. xxxviii. 18. Matt. x. 10. Mark vi. 8.) IV. Originally, men had no other COVERING FOR THE HEAD than that which nature itself supplied,-the hair. Calmet is of opinion, that the Hebrews never wore any dress or covering on their heads: David, when driven from Jerusa lem (he urges), fled with his head covered with his upper garment; and Absalom would not have been suspended among the boughs of an oak by his hair, if he had worn a covering. (2 Sam. xvi. 30. xviii. 9.) But may not these have been 4 Shaw's Travels, vol. i. pp. 401-406. • Calinet's Dictionary, voce Phylacteries. Robinson's Greek Lexicon. Respecting the phylacteries of the modern Jews, Mr. voce puxaxpose. Allen has collected much curious information. Modern Judaism, pp. 304 -318. In the Bibliotheca Sussexiana there is a description of three Jewish phylacteries, which are preserved among the MSS. in the library of his Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex. Bibl. Sussex. vol. i. part i. pp. xxxvi. • Robinson's Lexicon. vocibus. -xxxix. Adain's Roman Antiquities, p. 386. Valpy's Gr. Test. on Luke xix. 20. and Acts xix. 12 ar cases? David went up the Mount of Olives, as a | r and a fugitive; and Absalom, fleeing in battle, have lost his cap or bonnet. It is certain, that the NIPH), or turban, was common both to men and woJob xxix. 14. Isa. iii. 23.) hair was in great esteem among the Jews. The hair Jews wore their beards very long, as we may see of God of great price. (1 Pet. iii. 3.)3 On the contrary, the VI. SEALS or SIGNETS, and RINGS, were commonly worn by both sexes. 4 Pliny states that the use of Seals or Signets was rare at the time of the Trojan war; but among the Hebrews they were of much greater antiquity, for we read that Judah left his signet as a pledge with Tamar. (Gen. xxxviii. 25.) The ancient Hebrews wore their seals or signets, either as rings on their fingers, or as bracelets on their arms, a custom which still obtains in the East. Thus the bride in the Canticles (viii. 6.) desires that the spouse would wear her as a seal on his arm. Occasionally, they were worn upon the bosom by means of an ornamental chain or ligature fastened round the neck. To this custom there is an allusion in Prov. vi. 21. The expression to set as a seal upon the heart, as a seal upon the arm (Cant. viii. 6.), is a scriptural expression denoting the cherishing of a true affection; with the exhibition of those constant attentions, which bespeak a real attachment. Com Mr. Emerson's account of the dress of the younger females in the house of the British consul in the Isle of Milo, in the Levant, strikingly illustrates the above-cited passages of St. Peter. He describes their hair as being PLAITED into long triple bands, and then twisted round the head, interlaced with strings of zechins, mahmoudis, and other COLDEN COINS, or left to flow gracefully behind them. They also wore four or five gowns and other GARMENTS, HEAPED ON with less taste than profusion, and all are tering with gilded spangles. (Emerson's Letters from the Egean, vol. ii. secured at the waist by a velvet stomacher, richly embroidered, and glit. p. 238.) 4 Harwood's Introd. to the New Test. vol. ii. pp. 101-103. the island of Ceylon in particular, "the shoes of brides are made of velvet, Nat. Hist. lib. xxxiii. c. 1. E ON THE DRESS OF THE JEWS. [PART IV. 5. Another female ornament was a CHAIN about the neck This was a Haz. ii. 23. Jer. xxxii. 24. The Ring is menIsa in 21. cad also in the par bie of the prodigal, (Ezek. xvi. 11.), which appears to have been used also by father orters a ring for his returning son (Luke the men, as may be inferred from Prov. i. 9. 3d also by the apostle James. ii. 2.) The com- general ornament in all the eastern countries: thus Pharaoh Further, the royal ring was a token that the person, to whom is said to have put a chain of gold about Joseph's neck (Gen. en, was invested with power and honour: thus xli. 42.); and Belshazzar did the same to Daniel (Dàn. v. off his ning from his hand, and put it on Jo- 29.); and it is mentioned with several other things as part n. xii. 42.) And Ahasuerus plucked off his ring of the Midianitish spoil. (Num. xxxi. 50.) catalogue of the female ornaments used by the Jews (Ezek. r. and bestowed it on Haman (Esther iii. 10.), arms or wrists were adorned with bracelets: these are in the is on Mordecai. (viii. 2.) xvi. 11.), and were part of Rebecca's present. They were also worn by men of any considerable figure, for we read of Judah's bracelets (Gen. xxxviii. 18.), and of those worn by Saul. (2 Sam. i. 10.) h the garments anciently worn by the Jews amber, yet their ornaments were many, espewon by the women. The prophet Isaiah, when he daughters of Sion with their luxury and us a particular account of their female ornai. 16—21.)1 The most remarkable were the SE JEWELS (ver. 21.), or, as Bishop Lowth an, the jewels of the nostril. They were rings set pendent from the nostrils, like ear-rings from the Ezekiel, enumerating bored to receive them. Ornaments of women of the first rank, distinctly nose jewel (Ezek. xvi. 12. marg. rendering); rant Proverb of Solomon (Prov. xi. 22.) there allusion to this kind of ornament, which shows Sed in his time. Nose jewels were one of the resented to Rebecca by the servant of Abraham of his master. (Gen. xxiv. 22. where the word ring ought to have been rendered nose jewel.)2 gular this custom may appear to us, modern est its prevalence in the East among women of R-RING was an ornament worn by the men as women, as appears from Gen. xxxv. 4. and 2.; and by other nations as well as the Jews, from Num. xxxi. 50. and Judg. viii. 24. It that this ornament had been heretofore used for poses, since Jacob, in the injunction which he household, commanded them to put away the that were in their hands, and the ear-rings that ears. (Gen. xxxv. 2. 4.) It appears that the mselves in subsequent times were not free from 8. As large black eyes are greatly esteemed in the East, Dr. Shaw on; for Hosea (ií. 13.) represents Jerusalem as herself with ear-rings to Baalim. BOXES (in our version of Isa. iii. 20. rendered the oriental women have recourse to artificial means, in order essential article in the toilet of a Hebrew to impart a dark and majestic shade to the eyes. ipal part of the delicacy of the Asiatic ladies informs us, that none of the Moorish ladies think themselves use of baths, and the richest oils and per- completely dressed, until they have tinged their eyelids with ention to which is in some degree necessary in al-ka-hol, that is, with stibium, or the powder of lead ore. tries. Frequent mention is made of the rich As this process is performed "by first dipping into this powze bride in the Song of Solomon. (iv. 10, 11.) der a small wooden bodkin of the thickness of a quill, and on for Esther's introduction to king Ahasuerus then drawing it afterwards through the eyelids, over the ball bathing and perfuming for a whole year: six of the eye, we have a lively image of what the prophet Jereof myrrh, and six months with sweet odours. miah (iv. 30.) may be supposed to mean by renting the eyes A diseased and loathsome habit of body, (not as we render it, with painting, but) with 10, lead ore. The sooty colour which in this manner is communicated to the eyes is thought to add a wonderful gracefulness to per against sons of all complexions. The practice of it, no doubt, is of great antiquity; for, besides the instances already noticed, eautiful skin, softened and made agreeable with we find, that when Jezebel is said to have painted her face 1d devise, and all that nature, so prodigal in (2 Kings ix. 30.), the original words are may be, i. e. the richest perfumes, could supply, must she adjusted, or set off, her eyes with the powder of lead ore, So nishment the most severe, and the most morti- likewise Ezek. xxiii. 40, is to be understood. Keren-hap delicacy of these haughty daughters of Sion. RANSPARENT GARMENTS (in our version of Isa. iii. 6. We read in Exod. xxxviii. 8. of the women's LOOKING glass, but of polished brass, otherwise these Jewish women In later times, mirrors GLASSES, which were not made of what is now called Hence St. Paul, could not have contributed them towards the making of the brazen laver, as is there mentioned. were made of other polished metal, which at best could only reflect a very obscure and imperfect image. in a very apt and beautiful simile, describes the defective and limited knowledge of the present state by that opaque and dim representation of objects, which those mirrors exhi bited. Now we see di sorger by means of a mirror, darkly; not through a glass, as in our version of 1 Cor. xiii. 12.; for 7. To the articles of apparel above enumerated may be Most of these articles telescopes, as every one knows, are a very late invention. added FEET RINGS. (Isa. iii. 8. in our version rendered TINK LING ORNAMENTS about the feet.) Indian women, who accompanied the Indo-Anglican army of female apparel are still in use in the East. The East from India to Egypt, wore large rings in their noses, and silver cinctures about their ankles and wrists, their faces being painted above the eyebrows. In Persia and Arabia, also, it is well known that the women paint their faces and wear gold and silver rings about their ankles, which are full of little bells that tinkle as they walk or trip along. Cingalese chil dren often wear rings about their ankles; Malabar and Moor children wear rings, hung about with hollow balls, which tinkle as they run. The licensed prostitutes whom Dr. Richardson saw at Gheneh (a large commercial town of Upper Egypt) were attired in a similar manner. Ounced the women of Jerusalem Isa. in. 24. Bp. LowTH's version. re shall be, instead of perfume, a putrid ulcer— Themselves tive both among the Greeks and Romans.6 puch, i. e. the horn of pouk or lead ore, the name of Job's The Ecov, or metallic mirror, is mentioned by the author of the - lisses) were a kind of silken dress, transparent apocryphal book of the Wisdom of Solomon (vii. 26.); who, speaking of worn only by the most delicate women, and by Wisdom, says that she is the brightness of the everlasting light and 01 2nd character. This sort of garments was after-exhorting to put no trust in an enemy, says, Though he humble himself Color be treated at great length on the various articles of female and thou shalt know that his RUST hath not altogether been wiped away. 12 16-24. in his Commentarius Philologico in forin resembling a rose, ornaments one image of his goodness. The author, also, of the book of Ecclesiasticus more elegantly than became EZOTPON Tov the unspotted MIRROR of the power of God and the and go crouching, yet take good heed and beware of him; and thou shalt be unto him 5 x E2011тPON, as if thou hadst wiped a MIREOR, (Ecclus, xii. 11.) The mention of rust in this place manifestly indicates the metallic composition of the mirror; which is frequently mentioned in the ancient classic writers. See particularly Anacreon, Ode xi. 3. and xx. 5, Dr. Clarke's Travels, vol. v. p. 320. 8vo. edit. Morier's Second Jour I darer's Observations, vol iv. pp. 316-320. In the 6. Dr. A. Clarke, on 1 Cor. xiii. 12. Callaway's Oriental Obser- ney in Persia, p. 145. Ward's History, &c. of the Hindoos, vol. ii. pp. 329. 333. Callaway's Oriental Observations, pp. 47, 48. This is the only place in Egypt where we saw the women of the town Treat Malabar woman. the earrings, or jewels, worn by Jacob's house. plexions, and regularly licensed, as in many parts of Europe, to exercise perious purposes, and worn, perhaps, decked out in all their finery. They were of all nations and of all eige Tangears that rings, whether on the ears or nose, attired with costly necklaces, rings in their noses and in their ears, and racecar of false gods, and probably of their profession. Some of them were highly painted, and gorgeously - Texans of this kind with the image of the bracelets on their wrists and arms. They sat at the doors of the houses, Tulay Lists be designed to represent. Mai. Trese superstitious objects were • Ibid. p. |