CE her; and in the background, stretching beyond ley of, notice of, 31. f Elymas, observations on, 197. Jewish Law persons, 82, 83. GER, office of, 67. -RINGS, account of, 117-119. y of, notice of, 32. at, form of. See p. 183. n of, 155. 179. of the Holy Land, 14, 15. Hebrews, notice of, 88. AR and LAVER, 96. PENT, worship of, 136, 137. prepared. See p. 171. CA Philip the Tetrarch built it, or, at least, embellished and enlarged it, and named it Cæsarea, in honour of Tiberius; afterwards, in compliment to Nero, it was called Neronius. The woman who was troubled with an issue of blood, and healed by our Saviour (Matt. ix. 20. Luke viii. 43.), is said to have been of Cæsarea Philippi. The present town of Pancas is small; and the ground it stands on is of a triangular form. From this compressed situation the ancient city could not have been of great extent. (Irby's and Mangles' Travels, p. 289.) CAIAPHAS, also called Joseph, was high-priest of the Jews at the time Jesus was crucified, and was a principal agent in that transaction. (Matt. xxvi. 3. 57. Luke iii. 2. John xi. 49. xviii. 13, 14. 24. 28. Acts iv. 6.) He was of the sect of the Sadducees. CAIN, the eldest son of Adam and Eve. He was the first husbandman, and also the first homicide. (Gen. iv.) He slew Abel, because his own works were evil, and his brother's righteous. (1 John iii. 12.) CAINAN is mentioned in the genealogy of Jesus Christ by St. Luke (iii. 35, 36.) as the son of Arphaxad, and father of Salah; while in the genealogies preserved in Gen. x. 24. xi. 12. and 1 Chron. i. 24. the son of Arphaxad is denominated Salah, and no mention is made of this Cainan. Various suppositions have been offered to reconcile the seeming contradiction. The simplest solution is always the most certain. St. Luke wrote for those Christians who read the Septuagint Greek version more E of the high-priest, 114.; and of the Jewish than the original Hebrew; and, consequently, he preferred their ginally the surname of the Julian family. After in the person of Julius Cæsar, it became the on of those of his family who ascended the impe'he last of these was Nero; but the name was y his successors, as a sort of title belonging to the y. In the New Testament the reigning emperor ar, without any other distinguishing appellation. mentioned or alluded to by this title are Augustus Tiberius (Luke iii. 1. xx. 22. 24, 25.), Claudius and Nero (Acts xxv. 8. Phil. iv. 22.) OF PALESTINE, SO called as being the metropolis and the residence of the Roman proconsul, was ed the Tower of Strato; but, its harbour being ommodious, Herod the Great erected a spacious atly enlarged and beautified the city, which he deesarea, in honour of the emperor Augustus, his to whom he dedicated it in the twenty-eighth year with games and other ceremonies, in a most solemn with a profusion of expense. It is very frequently the New Testament; and is sometimes called, by nce, Cæsarea. Here Peter converted Cornelius and the first-fruits of the Gentiles (Acts x.); here lived angelist (Acts xxi. 8.); and here St. Paul so adaded himself against the Jews and their orator Ters xxiv.) Cæsarea now retains nothing of its former t present the whole of the surrounding country, on , is a sandy desert: the waves wash the ruins of e towers, and the port, which anciently were both and its defence, towards the sea. Not a creature als and beasts of prey) resides within many miles of solation: and its ruins, which are very considerable, en resorted to as a quarry whenever building mateequired at Acre. (Dr. Clarke's Travels, vol. iv. pp. Mr. Buckingham has a long and interesting descripancient history and present state of Cæsarea. See pp. 126-138.) A PHILIPPI (formerly called Paneas) was situated ings of the river Jordan. It was first called Laish or udg. xviii. 7.), and after it was subdued by the Danit received the appellation of Dan. Caesarea was rney from Sidon; a day and a half from Damascus. version, which adds the name of Cainan to the genealogy of Shem. CALAMITIES, with which Palestine was visited, 38-40. CALEB, a celebrated Jewish warrior, of the tribe of Judah; who, as a reward for his fidelity, when sent, together with Joshua, to explore the country of Canaan, was permitted to enter the promised land, where he obtained possessions. (Josh. xiv. 6—13.) A district belonging to the tribe of Judah was called after his name. (1 Sam. xxx. 14.) CALENDAR, Jewish, 75, 76. CALF, golden, worshipped by the Israelites, 136. Account of the golden calves of Jeroboam I., 136, CALVARY, notice of, 19. CAMPS of the Hebrews, form of, 86, 87. CANA, a small town of Galilee, situated on a gentle eminence to the west of Capernaum. This circumstance distinctly proves how accurately the writings of the evangelists correspond with the geography and present appearance of the country. The ruler of Capernaum, whose child was dangerously ill, besought Jesus to come down and heal his son. (John iv. 47—51.) About a quarter of a mile from the small and poor village (for) such it now is) on the road from Nazareth, there is a well of delicious water close to the road, whence all the water is taken for the supply of the inhabitants. At this well, which is supplied by springs from the mountains about two miles distant, it is usual for pilgrims to halt, as being the source of the water, which our Saviour, by his first public miracle, converted into wine. (John ii. 11.) In consequence of this miracle, both the Christian and Turkish inhabitants of Cana cherish the singular notion that, by drinking copiously of the water of this spring, intoxication is produced. This place is called Cana of Galilee, to distinguish it from Cana of Kanah (Josh. xix. 28.), which belonged to the tribe of Asher, and was situated in the vicinity of Sidon. Here are shown the ruins of a church, which is said to have been erected by the empress Helena, over the spot where the marriage-feast was held. (Dr. Clarke's Travels, vol. iv. pp. 185-188.) CANAAN, the son of Ham and the progenitor of the Canaanites. For an account of the land called after him, see pp. 13. 15. How divided by Joshua among the twelve tribes, 16, 17. Populousness of Canaan, 38. Idols worshipped by the Canaanites, 137, 138. Their extirpation considered, Vol. I. pp. 409, 410. CANDACE, a queen of Ethiopia mentioned in Acts viii. 27. This name was common to the Ethiopian queens in the time of Christ; and, according to Eusebius, Ethiopia continued to be governed by women, even to his time, the fourth century. (Eccl. Hist. lib. ii. c. 1.) CANDLESTICK, golden, in the Temple, at Jerusalem, 100. CAPERNAUM, a town of Galilee, situated on the coast of the lake of Gennesareth, on the borders of the tract occupied by the tribes of Zebulon and Nephthalim. This place is celebrated for the many mighty works and discourses performed by our Saviour, CHILDREN, birth and education of, 163, 164. Adoption of, 164, 165. which brought a heavy wo upon the inhabitants for their infi-sius, and empties itself into the Euphrates near Circesiun delity. (Matt. xi. 23.) In the vicinity of this town or city our (2 Kings xvii. 6. xviii. 11. 1 Chron. v. 26.) Lord delivered his admirable sermon; and near it also was the CHEMOSH, a Moabitish idol, notice of, 138. custom-house, at which Matthew the publican was sitting when CHEREM, or irremissible Vow, account of, 130. Jesus called him to the apostleship. (Matt. ix. 1. 9.) Here the CHERETHITES and Pelethites, who they were, 47. 85. 87. Jews had a synagogue (Mark i. 23. Luke iv. 33.), as the Chris- CHERUBIM. See p. 96. tians afterwards had a church. Mr. Buckingham in 1817 found various remains of some ancient settlement in its vicinity; but in 1823 scarcely a relique remained to attest its former existence. Recent travellers describe the appearance of the Lake of Gennesareth from Capernaum as singularly grand and impressive. This place is now called Tal-hhewn or Tal-hhewm, as it is differently pronounced. (Buckingham's Travels in Palestine, pp. 469, 470. Jowett's Researches in Syria, p. 168.) CHINNERETH, sea of, 26. CHIOS (Acts xx. 15.) is an island of the Egean Sea, between Lesbos and Samos, celebrated in ancient and in modern times, for its wine, figs, marble, and white earth. CHISLEU, or CASLEU, the third month of the Jewish civil year; and the ninth month of the ecclesiastical year. For the feasts and fasts in this month, see p. 75. CAPHTOR (Jer. xlvii. 4. Amos ix. 7.) and CAPHTORIM (Gen. x. 14. Deut. ii. 23.), the name of a country and people whence CHITTIM. The land of Chittim, and the isles of Chittin the Philistines are said to have originated. According to the denote, in general, the maritime countries and islands of the passages above referred to, the Caphtorim came originally from Mediterranean, Greece, Italy, Crete, Cyprus, Corsica, &c. Thus, Egypt and settled in Caphtor, which word most of the ancient Balaam foretold "that ships should come from the coast of versions have rendered Cappadocia; but some have supposed it Chittim, and should afflict Asshur (the Assyrians), and afflict to be Cyprus, or Crete; which last both Calmet and Gesenius Eber" (the Hebrews, or Jews); representing the Grecian and consider to be the place most probably intended. From Caphtor, Roman invasions. And Daniel foretold that "the ships of Chita colony migrated and settled in the southern part of Canaan. tim should come against the king of the north (Antiochus CAPITAL Punishments of the Jews, account of, 66-69. Epiphanes, king of Syria); and that he should therefore be CAPPADOCIA, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on the east by Ar-grieved, and return" from the south, or Egypt, which he had menia, on the west by Paphlagonia and Galatia, on the north by invaded, when commanded to desist by the Roman ambassa the Euxine Sea, and on the south by that part of Mount Taurus dors. (Dan. xi. 30. Livy, xlv. 10-12.) Perseus, king of which looks towards Cilicia. It was famed for mules and horses, Macedon, is called "king of Chittim." (í Macc. viii. 5.) of which it gave yearly to the Persians, horses 1500, mules CHIUN (Amos v. 26.), the idol Saturn. 2000. The Cappadocians are said to have been a nation so servile, that when the Romans offered them their freedom to live by their own laws, they said they could not endure liberty. This country is mentioned in Acts ii. 9, and also by the apostle Peter, who addresses his first Epistle to the Hebrew Christians who were dispersed through Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Bithynia, and Asia Minor. CAPTAIN of the LORD'S HOST, authority of, and influence, 85. CARVING, art of, among the Jews, 183. CASLUHIM (Gen. x. 14. 1 Chron. i. 12.), a people, spoken of as a colony of the Egyptians; according to Bochart (Phaleg. iv. 31.), the Colchians, whom the Greek writers constantly represent as of Egyptian origin. CATTLE reared in Palestine, notice of, 37. 174–176. CENCHREA, a haven on the east of the isthmus of Corinth, to which city it was considered as a kind of subsidiary port. It is mentioned in Acts xviii. 18. CEPHAS, a name given by Christ to Simon: it means the same as ETPOR, that is, a stone. (John i. 43.) CHAINS of the Jewish women, 158. CHALDEA, a country of Asia, lying near the junction of the Tigris and Euphrates, the capital of which was BABYLON, whence it was also denominated BABYLONIA. In ancient times it was known by the names Shinar, Shinaar, &c.—For a sketch of the profane history of the Chaldæan or Babylonian empire, illustrative of the prophetic writings, see p. 412. of this Index. CHARIOTS, military, notice of, 85, 86. CHORAZIN, a small town situated on the western coast of the Sea of Galilee, at no great distance from Capernaum. It was one of those places where very many of our Saviour's miracies were performed, whose inhabitants he upbraided for their inf delity. (Matt. xi. 21. Luke x. 13.) CHRIST (XpTes), a Greek word signifying anointed, and corresponding to the Hebrew word MESSIAH, which see. In the New Testament, this appellation is given to Jesus, the anointed one, that king of the race of David, promised by God, and long expected, the Messiah. CHRISTIANS, those who profess to believe and practise the religion of Jesus Christ. This appellation was first given by divine appointment to the believers at Antioch. (Acts xi. 26.) See Vol. I. p. 350. CHURCH (Jewish), account of, and of its various members, 108-111.; and of its ministers, 111-116. CurSHAN-RISKATHAIM, a king of Mesopotamia, who op pressed the Israelites for eight years. This monarch must have subdued several of the surrounding nations within thirty cr forty years after the death of Joshua, since his conquests extended westward as far as Canaan. The Israelites were delivered from his yoke by OrиNIEL. (Judg. iii. 8—10.) CHUZA, OF CHUSA, the steward or agent of Herod-Antipas, whose wife was one of the pious women who ministered to Jesus Christ. (Luke viii. 3.) Some critics, however, suppose that he was the treasurer or overseer of Herod's revenue. CILICIA, a country of Asia Minor, between Pamphylia on the west, and Pieria on the east, Mount Taurus on the north, and the Cilician Sea on the south, celebrated on the account of Cicero, proconsul there, but more on the account of St. Paul's birth at Tarsus, a city of Cilicia. (Acts xxii. 3.) CINNERETH, OF CINNEROTH, a city in the canton of the tribe of Nephtali: it is supposed to be the same which was afterwards called TIBERIAS; as the Lake of Gennesareth, which in Hebrew is called the Sea of Cinnereth, is unquestionably the Lake or Sea of Tiberius: for an account of which see pp. 26, 27. CIRCUMCISION, how and when performed. See p. 110. CISLEU. See CHISLEU. CISTERNS in Palestine, notice of, 29. CITIES, Jewish, 155. How besieged, 90. Treatment of, when captured, ibid. Gates of, seats of justice, 54. CITIES OF REFUGE, 16. ers. CITIZENS of Rome, privileges and treatment of, when prison- CLASSES of the Jewish priests, 112. CLAUDA, an island near Crete, situated near the southern and western sea. It is mentioned in Acts xxvii. 16. CLAUDIUS. 1. Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus, the fifth emperor or CHEBAR a river of Mesopotamia, which rises in Mount Ca- Cæsar of Rome. He was the son of Nero Drusus, and obtained nity principally through the exertion of Herod -hus, Ant. Jud. 1. xix. c. 4. § 1. Bell. Jud. I. ii. the fourth year of his reign occurred the famine bus. (Acts xi. 28. and Kuinsel in loc). In the reign he was favourable to the Jews (Jos. Ant. § 2.); but in his ninth year he banished, by ho had taken up their residence at Rome. (Acts nius in Claud. c. 25.) He died, a. n. 54, after a rious reign of 14 years, of poison administered ppina, who wished to raise her son Nero to the son, voce Kaœudus.) Lysias, a Roman tribune, who preserved Paul acy of the Jews. (Acts xxiii. 23-35. xxiv. e of the two disciples who went to Emmaus. - &c.) The name is of Greek extraction, being Cleopatros, like Antipas from Antipatros. He is ounded with husband of Mary, also called Alpheus. (John xix. aring this passage with Luke xxiv. 10., it appears Clopas is the same as the mother of James the - Matt. xxvii. 56. with Mark xv. 40.); but in Mark iii. 18. James is said to be the son of the Holy Land, 23. prosy of, 134. See DRESS. CY of sophists in particular was very great. The knowledge of and ground, ibid. CORNELIUS, a devout Roman centurion, who was converted to Christianity by the apostle Peter. CORPORAL injuries, how punished among the Jews, 63, 64. Christ's birth, 148-150. COUNCIL (Great) of the Jews. See p. 55. them, 54-57. (Roman), proceedings in, 57-59. 46, 47. COURTS OF THE TEMPLE, 99, 100. COVENANTS, how made, 80, 81. Covenant of salt, 81. ts xxvii. 7.) was a city and promontory of Caria, church was planted here, probably by St. Paul, who committed it the worship of Venus. ING, a division of time, 73. A. See SYRIA, 9. infra. or Colasse) was a city of Phrygia Pacatiana in situated near the conflux of the Lycus and the was formerly a large and populous place, but in the Paul had lost much of its ancient greatness, and quidistant from Laodicea and Hierapolis. Accords, all these cities were destroyed by an earthquake ear of the emperor Nero, about a year after the nt Paul's Epistle to the Colossians. A few ruins e, which is at present called Khóna or Khonas by Asia Minor. (See a description of Colossa and its T. Arundell's Visit to the Seven Churches of Asia, of the Midianites, Phoenicians, and Egyptians, 187. ws, particularly under Solomon and his successors, f Babylon, 411. TION, in what cases allowed, 65. Es, condition of, 160. s for disposing of property, how made, 81. Coniage, 160. TION of the Orientals, 169, 170. to the charge of Titus. (Acts xxvii. 7. 12, 13. 21. Tit. i. 5.) Its inhabitants were celebrated archers, but infamous for their falsehood, debaucheries, and piracies. The Cretans of the present day are precisely what they were in the days of St. Paul,whether Turks or Greeks, the worst characters in the Levant. always liars, evil beasts, slow hbellies. They are notoriously, (Hartley's Researches in Greece and the Levant, p. 108.) See the testimonies of profane writers to the immoral character of the Cretans, in Vol. I. p. 81. CRIMINAL LAW of the Jews, principles of the, 61-64. 55-57. 59. The Roman mode of punishing them, 59, 60. CRIMINALS, Jewish mode of treating, and punishing. See pp. the Christian faith, and was baptized by St. Paul. (Acts xviii. CRISPUS, the chief of a synagogue at Corinth, who embraced 8. 1 Cor. i. 14.) CROSS, form of, 69. Reproach of, explained, ibid. nations, ibid. Lingering nature of this punishment, ibid. The CRUCIFIXION, mode of, 69. Prevalence of, among ancient circumstances of our Saviour's crucifixion considered and illustrated, 70-72. Solution of supposed difficulties as to the hour when he was crucified. Vol. I. pp. 403, 404. land in the Egean or Icarian Sea, near Myndos which had a city of the same name, from which the celebrated physician, and Apelles the famous called Coi. Here was a large temple of EsculaOther of Juno. It abounded in rich wines, and here hose Core vestes, which were transparent, and are iced by the classic poets. It is mentioned in Acts" nature of, explained, 119. the metropolis of Achaia Proper, and the ornament was situated on an isthmus between the Egean and - From the convenience of its situation for comounded in riches, and was furnished with all the ons, elegances, and superfluities of life. In the , it was destroyed by the Romans under the consul bout 146 years before the Christian æra, and was one hundred years afterwards by Julius Caesar, who oman colony here, and made this city the residence onsul of Achaia. Favoured by its situation between e new city soon regained its ancient splendour: comced an influx of riches, and the luxury and voluptuch followed in consequence corrupted the manners itants, who became infamous to a proverb. In the his city were celebrated the Isthmian games, to which alludes in different parts of his Epistles. Corinth sed numerous schools, in which philosophy and rheaught by able masters, and strangers resorted thither arters to be instructed in the sciences. The number 3 G CUP, Divination by, 142. CUTTING asunder, punishment of, 68. СUSH, or Ethiopia, usually rendered Ethiopia in our English Cilicia and Syria, and anciently celebrated for the profligacy of CYMBAL, a musical instrument, notice of, 184. which was thence sometimes denominated Cyrenaica, and which DA by the evangelist Luke is called Libya about Cyrene. (Acts ii. 10.) Simon, whom the Jews compelled to bear our Saviour's cross (Matt. xxvii. 32. Luke xxiii. 26.), was a native of this place. At Cyrene resided many Jews, who had a synagogue at Jerusalem. Among the Christians who were scattered abroad. in consequence of the persecution that arose about Stephen, Luke enumerates those of Cyrene. (Acts xi. 20.) CYRENIUS, in Latin Quirinus. (Luke ii. 2.) Publius Sulpicius Quirinus was sent from Rome as governor of Syria, with which province Judæa was connected after the banishment of Archelaus to Vienne in Gaul, in order to take a census of the whole province. For the various opinions of commentators concerning that census, see Vol. I. pp. 419, 420. CYRUS, king of Persia, the son of Cambyses a Persian satrap or grandee, and Mandane, was the liberator of the Jews from the Babylonish captivity. The prophet Isaiah (xliv. 28.) mentioned him by name two hundred years before he was born. See PERSIA, infra. DAGON, a Phoenician idol, notice of, 138. DALMANUTHA. See MAGDALA. DALMATIA, a province of Europe on the east of the Adriatic Sea, and forming part of the ancient Illyricum. In this province, Titus preached the Gospel. (2 Tim. iv. 10.) DAMASCUS, a most ancient city, where Eliezer the servant of Abraham dwelt, was built, according to Josephus (Antiq. l. i. c. 7. § 15.), by Uz, the son of Aram, mentioned in Gen. x. 23., and situated in the valley between Libanus and Antilibanus, watered by the rivers Abana and Pharpar. (2 Kings v. 12.) It was made tributary to David (2 Sam. viii. 6.); afterwards it was the capital city of the kings of Syria. (Isa. vii. 8.) It is celebrated for its antiquity, and for being still one of the richest and most magnificent cities of the Levant, but most of all for being the place of the miraculous conversion of St. Paul. It is situated in a beautiful plain. The street, still called Straight, where St. Paul dwelt, is entered from the road by Jerusalem; it is as straight as an arrow, a mile in length, broad and well paved. (Irby's and Mangles' Travels, pp. 281, 282. Carne's Letters, p. 375.) The region around this city is in the Old Testament called Syria of Damascus. DAN. 1. The son of Jacob and Bilhah, gave his name to one of the tribes of Israel. For the limits of the district assigned to this tribe, see p. 17. 2. The name of a city in the northern extremity of Judæa, in the tribe of Nephtali; it was situated at the foot of Mount Libanus, not far from the source of the river Jordan. Here Jeroboam I. set up one of the golden calves. In Rev. vii. 6. the name of the tribe of Dan is omitted, either through the mistake of the transcribers, who mistook AAN for MAN, and so wrote Manasseh; or because the tribe had become extinct; or, by its early apostasy, had become the common receptacle of idols and corrupter of the rest. (See Judg. xviii.) Dr. Robinson thinks that the first opinion is the most probable, because the tribe of Joseph is afterwards mentioned, which included Manasseh and Ephraim. There appears to have been an ancient tradition in the church, that, when Antichrist should come, he should be a Jew, and of the tribe of Dan. (Woodhouse on Rev. vii. 6.) DANCING of the Jews, 184. DANIEL, a distinguished Jewish prophet, who lived and wrote at Babylon during the captivity. For a further account of Daniel and his predictions, see pp. 277-282. DARIUS, the common name of several Persian kings, three of whom are mentioned in the Old Testament; viz. 1. Darius the Mede, or Cyaxares. (Dan. vi. 1.) 2. Darius the son of Hystaspes, whom Archbishop Usher supposes to be the Ahasuerus that married Esther. 3. Darius Codomannus, who is mentioned in Neh. xii. 22. Sce PERSIA, infra. DARTS, fiery, explained, 93, note 1. DATHAN, one of those who, with Korah, Abiram, and On, conspired against Moses; and, with his accomplices, was swallowed up in the earth. (Num. xvi.) DAUGHTERS, education of, 164. Portions of, ibid. DAVID, the second king of Israel, was the son of Jesse, of the tribe of Judah, and the town of Bethlehem. He was the founder of the Jewish dynasty; and from him, in the fulness of the time appointed by God, descended the Messiah, of whom he is considered as an illustrious type. In what sense David was "the DI man after God's own heart," see Vol. I. pp. 411, 412.; and for the DAY, how reckoned by the Jews and Romans, 72. DEAD, law of Moses concerning, 198. Preparation of for interment, 198, 199. Funeral rites of, 199-202. Duration ɗ mourning for the dead, 202. DEAD SEA, description of, 27, 28. 1. The name of Sarah's nurse, who attended her into Canaan, and continued to reside in the family of Isaac, until her death in the vicinity of Bethel, where she was interred with muet lamentation, under an oak, from that circumstance termed Alle Bachuth, or the Oak of Weeping. (Gen. xxiv. 57. xxxv. 8.) 2. A prophetess, the wife of Lapidoth, and the fourth judge of Israel. She was the only woman who ever filled that high office. (Judg. iv. v.) DEBTORS, laws concerning, 63. DECAPOLIS, district of, 18. DEDICATION, Feast of, 128. Vow of Dedication, 141. DEGREES, Academical, conferred in Jewish seminaries, 185, note 3. DEMAS, for some time, was a companion of St. Paul, in prope gating the Gospel; but he afterwards deserted him when a pr soner at Rome, and returned to Thessalonica, which was at that time a very flourishing commercial city. (Col. iv. 14. Philem. 24. 2 Tim. iv. 10.) DEMETRIUS. 1. A silversmith at Ephesus, whose chief business consisted in making little models of the temple in that city, with the image of Diana included in them. He excited a tumult against St. Paul. (Acts xix.) 2. A Christian, and it should seem a Christian teacher, who is mentioned with much commendation in 3 John, 12. DEMONIACAL Possessions, reality of, 197. DERBE, a city of Lycaonia, near Isauria, not far from the Cilician range of Mount Taurus. It was the country of Timothy and is mentioned in Acts xiv. 6. Various ruins of this place are said still to exist, but they have not been described by any modern traveller. (Col. Leake's Tour in Asia Minor, pp. 101.) DESERTS in Palestine, account of, 33, 34. Horrors of the Great Arabian Desert described, 34, 35. 'DEVOUT MEN," who they were, 110. DEWS, heavy, in Palestine, 25. DIANA (Apreμis), a heathen goddess, the fabled daughter of Jupiter and Latona, and the twin sister of Apollo. She presided over forests and hunting, and also over child-birth; and was especially worshipped at EPHESUS, where a temple was erected in her honour, which, for its extent and magnificence, was anciently reputed to be one of the wonders of the world. (Acts xix. 24. 27, 28. 34, 35.) DICHOTOMY, a Jewish punishment, 68. DINAH was the daughter of Jacob and Leah, at the time the patriarch dwelt not far from the country occupied by the Hivites, Prompted by curiosity, she went out to see the daughters of the land, most probably to a festival, when she was ravished by Shechem, a prince of the Hivites. It is not known what becare of her, after the extermination of the Shechemites (Gen. xxx15. but it appears from Gen. xlvi. 15. that she was living in the patriarch's family, and accompanied him into Egypt. DIONYSIUS, a member of the tribunal of the Areopagus Athens, who was induced by the preaching of St. Paul to embrac the Christian religion. (Acts xvii. 34.) DIOSCURI, or the Twins (up), Castor and Pollux, the fabled sons of Jupiter and Leda, were supposed to have se deipeculiar power over storms: hence they became the patron ties of seamen. (Acts xxviii. 11.) DIOTREPHES, a professing Christian, who (it appears) did no receive with hospitality those whom the apostle John sent to him, or permit others to do so. (3 John 9.) DISEASES mentioned in the Scriptures, and their treatment. see pp. 195-197. DIVINATION, by the cup, 142. By inspecting the liver of victims, 143. By arrows, ibid. By the staff, ibid. How nished among the Jews, 62. EG n account of, 162, 163. The is descendants cannot be exactly ascertained. t and Septuagint version of Gen. x. 4. read some interpret of the island of Rhodes; but the river Rhodanus, or Rhone. an proselyte who was Saul's chief herdsman: Priests, 113. Of the High-priest, 113, 114. ed, given to Christ, nature of, 71. in the Babylonian empire, mentioned in Dan. oras. the Jews, account of, 150-155. the Jewish women, 158. atly denotes the land of Judæa, 13. , frequent in Palestine, 38. hern peak of Mount Ephraim, a naked, unfruithechem, and over against Mount GERIZIM. tains are separated by a narrow valley. From were pronounced. (Deut. xi. 29. Josh. viii. 30.) e Achmetha of Ezra (vi. 2.), was the principal the site of which stands the modern Hamadan. e for the coolness of its temperature: on which hosen to be the summer residence of Cyrus and ings of Persia. It was built and fortified by he Medes. The tombs of Esther and Mordecai till preserved here; and a colony of Jews, who ent at Hamadan from time immemorial, protect Alcock's [unpublished] Travels in Russia, Persia, 828-29, p. 80. London, 1831. 8vo.) EG 14-16. Deut. ii. 23. Jer. xlvii. 4.) This country seems to have attained an earlier and a higher degree of civilization and refinement than any other in the world. Even in Abraham's days we find it the seat of a royal government, and a princely court, abounding with provisions, while the neighbouring countries, and even the fertile regions of Palestine, were exposed to frequent famines. (Gen. xii. 10.) In his grandson Jacob's time there was a settled caravan trade carried on through Palestine from Arabia and the East, for spicery, balm, and myrrh, and pro bably also for slaves. (Gen. xxxvii. 25.) Its superior fertility, indeed, was occasioned by the annual inundation of the Nile, the rising of which has furnished the prophet Jeremiah (xlvi. 7, 8.) with a fine image, and by the irrigation of their lands (Deut. xi. 10.); and wherever this is still practised the land now literally brings forth by handfuls, as did in the time of the patriarch Joseph. (Gen. xli. 47.) In every age of the world Egypt has been celebrated for those stupendous monuments of ancient art-the pyramids; several of which have been successfully explored by the enterprising traveller, M. Belzoni. The countless multitude of date trees, which form even forests about some of the villages, furnish a great source of subsistence to the people. To cut these down (as it is said the French were proceeding to do, and would have done, but that the people surrendered at the prospect of this utter ruin) would be to cut off the support of the present and the hopes of a future generation. Nothing could be more terrible than this denunciation of Jeremiah (xlvi. 22, 23.) against Egypt:-They shall march with an army, and come against her with axes as hewers of wood: they shall cut down her forest, saith the Lord, though it cannot be searched; because they are more than the grasshoppers, and are innumerable. (Jowett's Christian Researches in the Mediterranean, pp. 167. 170.) On the prophecies concerning Egypt, and their fulfilment, see Vol. I. p. 125. The Egyptians boasted of being the most ancient people in the world; the inventors of arts and sciences: they communicated to the Greeks the names of the gods, and their theology: they exceeded in superstition and idolatry, worshipping stars, men, animals, and even plants. Moses informs us that the Hebrews sacrificed beasts whose slaughter was considered by the Egyptians as an abomination (Exod. viii. 26.), likewise that they would not eat with the Hebrews, because they abhorred all shepherds. Concerning the motives of this aversion opinions are divided. Some believe it to be founded on the invasion of Egypt by the shepherd kings from Arabia, who reigned here a long time, according to Manetho. Others think that the Egyptians, after their king Sesostris, being accustomed to a soft and idle life, detested shepherds, whose profession was more active and laborious. Others, that the Egyptians were so averse to shepherds because of their killing and eating sheep, kids, and goats, which were objects of their worship. of the country in which the Garden of our first ed. (Gen. ii. 8. 15. iii. 23, 24. iv. 16.) It has The antiquity of the Egyptian empire is indisputable, though upposed to have been situated in Syria, in Baby-its origin is involved in impenetrable obscurity. The common nouth of the Euphrates, and in Armenia, whence name of the Egyptian kings was Pharaoh, which signified soveof the Euphrates and Tigris, two of the paradi- reign power, though each had another name peculiar to himself. 1 ascertained; and two others, whose springs are History has preserved the names of several kings of Egypt, and rhood, agree in many respects with the third and a succession of their dynasties: but the inclination of these hisentioned by Moses. The last opinion has been torians to magnify the great antiquity of their nation has injured their credibility. It is certain that the Egyptian dynasties were not all successive, but many of them were collateral: and the greatest part of the kings, who are placed one after the other, t valley near Damascus. (Amos i. 5.) of Mesopotamia or Assyria, under the power of (2 Kings xix. 12. Isa. xxxvii. 12.) In Ezek. xxvii. with Asshur. Prof. Gesenius conjectures that it 1 in Diarbekir, towards the Tigris. Country of. See p. 15., and Idumæa, p. 18. of children among the Jews, 163, 164. ng of the Moabites, who oppressed the Israelites ars. (Judg. iii. 12.) At length Ehud, a Benjad up to deliver them from their oppression, who e manner related in Judg. iii. 15-26. Hebrew called Mizraim, after Mizraim the son of try of Africa, the length of which was very disprots breadth its extent from the mouths of the Nile border of Nubia, under the tropic of Cancer, was es; but it was little wider than the valley through e ran in Upper Egypt, until it reached the Lower e distance above the head or vertex of the Delta, ley expanded itself. The Upper Egypt or Thebaid called Pathros in Scripture, as distinguished from roperly called Caphtor, or Egypt. (Compare Isa. Ezek. xxix. 14.; and Jer. xliv. 1. with Ezek. xxx. 1 At Molubis, on the banks of the Nile, Mr. Jowett observed a cattle. fair. Several buffaloes were swimming from the opposite side across the water. Their unwieldy body sinks deep into the water, so that only a pari of the neck is level with the surface: while their uplifted head just raisea the snorting nostrils above the water. Often a little Arab boy takes his passage across the Nile upon the back of this animal; setting his feet on the shoulders, holding fast by the horns, and thus keeping his balance. As the buffaloes rose out of the water on the bank I was struck with their large bony size, compared with the little that had appeared of them while in the water. Their emerging brought to mind the passage, Gen. xli. 1, 2. Behold he stood by the river and behold, there came up out of the river seven well-favoured kine and fat fleshed; and they fed in a meadow. It was the very scene, and the very country. (Jowett's Christian Researches in the Mediterranean, p. 166.) Mr. J., speaking of the boat in which he crossed the river Nile, says that it "was ballasted with earth taken from mud the sides of the boat were plastered, at those parts in the fore-half of the river-banks-very stiff and rich soil, without stones. With this same the vessel where moveable planks were placed in order to raise the gunnel higher: the mud filled up the crevices, and prevented the water from gushing in, as would otherwise be the case. This roud was so rich and slimy, and when dry so firm and impervious, that, together with the strong reed that grows on the banks, it is easy to conceive how the mother of Moses constructed a little ark which would float: she then placed !! anong the flags, in order that the stream might not carry it down, Exod. iii. 3" (Ibid. p. 167.) |