and Cherubim in the Holy of Holies, and the Visions of the Prophets. By the Rev. John WHITLEY, D.D. London, 1830, 8vo. 19. Les Caractères du Messie vérifiés en Jesus de Nazareth. [Par M. CLEMENCE.] Rouen, 1776, 2 tomes, 8vo.

The author determines the characteristical marks of the Messiah with precision and accuracy; points out in consequence of these characters (which are drawn from the clearest predictions) the prophecies that, taken in a literal sense, regard the Messiah; and, by a comparison of these prophecies with the events, sets the divine mission of Christ in the most striking light. There is a great deal of good erudition and sound judgment in this work" (Monthly Review, O. S. vol. Ivi. p. 218.), which is now both scarce and dear. dans les Livres Saints, avec des Explicationes et Notes. [Par 20. Prophéties concernant Jesus Christ et l'Eglise, éparses M. le Président AGIER.] Paris, 1819, 8vo.

A concise and valuable little manual of Scripture Prophecies relative to Jesus Christ.

Warburtonian Lectures on Prophecy.

These Lectures were founded by Dr. William Warburton, Bishop of Gloucester (each course consisting of twelve Sermons, to be preached in Lincoln's Inn chapel), for the purpose of proving "the truth of Revealed Religion in general, and of the Christian in particular, from the completion of the Prophecies of the Old and New Testament, which relate to the Christian Church, and especially to the apostacy of Papal Rome." The following portions of these Lectures are all that have been pub

lished.

Besides illustrating the completion of the prophecies, in conformity with the founder's design, most of the lecturers have treated, in a greater or less degree, upon the Symbolical Language of Scripture Prophecy.

1. An Introduction to the Study of the Prophecies concerning the Christian Church, and in particular concerning the Church of Papal Rome. By Richard HURD, D.D. [afterwards Bishop of Worcester]. London, 1772, 8vo.

This elegantly written and learned volume has long been known and duly appreciated by the public. The subject of Prophecy is here opened in the most masterly and instructive manner by Bishop Hurd who discussed, in the first place, the true idea of prophecy, and the general argument deducible from it; then specified some prophecies of primary importance, and more particularly those which relate to the rise of Antichrist. In relation to this subject, he combated the prejudices most generally entertained against the doctrine; he considered and explained the prophetic style; and after opening the style and method of the Apocalypse, and the phetic characters of Antichrist, he concluded by pointing out disunctly the uses of the whole inquiry." (British Critic, O. S. vol. Ixvii. pp. 652, 653.)

pro

| which he considers as announcing the Reformation. Though some of this author's applications will to most readers appear harsh, and some questionable, yet his books display altogether much knowledge of the subject, much learning, and no small share of ingenuity." (British Critic, O. S. vol. xxvii. p. 653.)

5. A Connected and Chronological View of the Prophecies relating to the Christian Church. By Robert NARES, A.M., Archdeacon of Stafford. London, 1805, 8vo.

These Lectures are divided into two parts, viz. I. The Prophe cies which relate to our Saviour as the Author and perpetual Head of the Christian Church; and, II. Those which foretell the fate of his disciples, whether adverse or prosperous, from the time of his to the Christian Church. By Edward PEARSON, D.D. London, departure from them to that of his last most solemn advent. 6. Twelve Lectures on the subject of the Prophecies relating

1811, 8vo.

The design of Prophecy,-the progress of Christianity as predicted in the Scriptures,-the state of the Christian Church as supposed to be predicted in the apostolic epistles,-the corruptions of the Christian faith as predicted by Daniel, and the various fortunes of the Christian Church, from her first foundation to the end of the world, as foretold in the Apocalypse,-are the subjects discussed in these lectures: a copious analysis of which is given in the Bri tish Critic, O. S. vol. xl. pp. 238–248. 467–479.

7. Twelve Lectures on the Prophecies relating to the Chris tian Church, and especially to the Apostacy of Papal Rome. By Philip ALLWOOD, B.D. London, 1815, 2 vols. 8vo.

The first six of these Lectures discuss the predictions relative to Jesus Christ; and the remaining Lectures are devoted to an exposition of the Apocalypse, particularly with reference to the apostacy of the Romish Church. See an analysis of them in the British Critic, N. S. vol. ix. pp. 44—65.

8. Discourses on Prophecy, in which are considered its Structure, Use, and Inspiration being the Substance of Twelve Sermons preached by John DAVIDSON, B.D. London, 1824, 8vo.

tian Evidences in general, and the connection of Prophecy with the The first of these Discourses is employed in treating of the Chrisrest; and the second, in considering the contents of the prophetic volume as distinguished from its predictions. The next four discuss the structure of prophecy and the cause of its dispensation: and in the last six, its inspiration and divine prescience are examined. "The subject of the work is one of very general importance, and which will excite an interest with every reader of Scripture. More especially must value attach to every part of the inquiry, from the admirable practical tendency which is every where given to it; so that, while the student is carried forward by the interest of critical research, and his understanding enlightened by the wide and clear views opened to him, his piety will not fail to be warmed, his faith strengthened, and his best affections exalted and improved." (British Critic, N. S. vol. xxii. p. 389.)

Besides the preceding valuable Lectures, the subject of Prophecy is discussed at considerable length in the great Collection of the 2. Twelve Sermons on the Prophecies concerning the Chris-Boyle Lectures, published in 1739, in three vols. folio.

tian Church and, in particular, concerning the Church of Papal Rome. By Samuel HALIFAX, D.D. [afterwards Bishop of Gloucester]. London, 1776, 8vo.

SECTION II.

THE SCRIPTURES DERIVED FROM JEWISH SOURCES.

Bishop Halifax paid his primary attention to the Prophecies of Daniel, and next to those of Saint Paul concerning the man of sin; JEWISH WRITERS AND COMMENTATORS, AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF and he concluded by establishing the canon and authority of the Apocalypse, and by giving a clear and able view of its visions. His two concluding discourses contain a history of the corruptions of Popery, and a just and luminous vindication of the Reformation." (British Critic, O. S. vol. xxvii. p. 653.)

3. Twelve Discourses on the Prophecies, concerning the first Establishment and subsequent History of Christianity. By Lewis BAGOT, LL.D. [afterwards Bishop of Norwich]. London, 1780,

8vo.

"Bishop Bagot opened his Lectures by preliminary observations on the nature and value of the evidences drawn from prophecies; including some pointed remarks on Lord Monboddo and Mr. Gibbon. The subjects of his subsequent discourses were, the promise of a second dispensation under the first; the progressive nature of the kingdom of God; the distinctive characters of the Messiah, and the nature of his kingdom; the time limited by the prophets, and the proofs of its fulfilment; the conformity of the life of Christ and of his kingdom to the predictions; the prophecies concerning the latter times; and the general recapitulation of the whole subject." (British Critic, vol. xxvii. p. 653.)

4. Discourses on Prophecy. By East APTHORP, D.D. don, 1786, 2 vols. 8vo.

§ 1. JEWISH WRITERS AND COMMENTATORS.

1. PHILONIS JUDÆI, quæ reperiri potuerunt, omnia. Textum cum MSS. contulit; quamplurima e codd. Vaticano, Mediceo, et Bodleiano, scriptoribus item vetustis, necnon catenis Græcis ineditis, adjecit; interpretationemque emendavit; universa notis et observationibus illustravit Thomas MANGEY, S.T.P. Canonicus Dunelmensis. Londini, 1742, 2 tomis, folio.

This is a noble edition, equally creditable to the editor, the Rev. Dr. Mangey, and to the printer, the celebrated William Bowyer. Dr. M. revised the works of Philo, which he collated with thirteen manuscripts, and corrected the Latin version of them, which had been made by Sigismund Gesenius, Moreli, and others. The different treatises are arranged in a much better order than that which appears in preceding editions, and many obscure and diffi cult passages are excellently corrected and illustrated.

2. PHILONIS JUDEI Opera omnia, Græcè et Latinè, ad editionem Th. Mangey, collatis aliquot MSS. Edenda curavit Aug. Lon-Frider. PFEIFFER. 8vo. Vols. İ.-V. Erlanga, 1785–1792.

"Dr. Apthorp began by giving the history of Prophecy. He then carefully laid down the canons of interpretation: after which he proceeded to the prophecies relating to the birth, time, and theological characters of the Messiah. The prophecies of the death of Christ are next distinctly handled, and those which relate to his earthly kingdom. Finally, he traces the characters of Antichrist, gives a view of the mystic Tyre, and concludes by the prophecies

The text of Dr. Mangey is adopted in this valuable edition, which has never been completed, in consequence of the death of the learned editor, whose critical materials for the sixth and concluding volume are reported to be still preserved. Pfeiffer collated three Bavarian manuscripts, and retained only such of Mangey's notes as contain either some new information, or some emendation of the text; to which he added observations of his own, chiefly settling the various lections.

Berolini

3. PHILONIS JUDEI Opera omnia, Græce. Textum ad fidem | 9. Talmud Babylonicum Integrum Hebraice. optimarum editionum edidit Carolus Ernestus RICHTER. Lipsia, Francofurti, 1715, 12 tomis, folio. 1828-29, 8 tomis, 12mo.

The most complete edition of the works of Philo. In preparing it for the press, the editor followed the text of Dr. Mangey's edition (No. 1.), with which he collated Pfeiffer's edition (No. 2.), and another, printed at Paris in 1640. To the previously published treatises of Philo, M. Richter has added two others, viz. 1. De Festo Cophini, and 2. De Parentibus colendis, which were discovered by Signor Mai in the Medicean Library at Florence, and published for the first time at Milan, in 1818, with a Latin version and notes. The last volume contains copious indexes of matters, and of the texts of Scripture explained by Philo.

10. Talmud Hierosolymitanum. Hebraice. 1710, folio.

Amstelodam,

vidual book of the Old Testament: those only are specified A few only of the Jewish Rabbins have illustrated every indi which are held in the highest estimation by the Jews.

10. RABBI SOLOMON JARCHI, Ben Isaac, usually cited as RASCHI from the contraction of his names, was a native of Troyes 3*. Quæstiones Philonæe. I. De Fontibus et Auctoritate The-well as the chief part of the Talmud, and from his extensive in Champagne; he wrote commentaries on the entire Bible, ologiæ Philonis. Quæstionis primæ Particula prima. II. De learning is accounted one of the most eminent Jewish expositors A Philonis. Quæstio altera. Scripsit C. G. L. GROSSMANN. Lipsia, 1829, 4to.

4. Flavii JOSEPHI Opera, quæ reperiri potuerunt, omnia. Ad codices fere omnes, cum impressos tum manuscriptos, diligenter recensuit, nova versione donavit, et notis illustravit Johannes Hudsonus. Oxonii, e Theatro Sheldoniano, 1720, 2 vols. folio.

Those distinguished bibliographers, Fabricius, Harwood, Harles, and Oberthür, are unanimous in their commendations of this elegant and most valuable edition. The learned editor, Dr. Hudson, died the year before its publication, but, fortunately, not till he had acquired almost every thing requisite for a perfect edition of his author. "He seems to have consulted every known manuscript and edition. The correctness of the Greek text, the judgment displayed in the annotations, the utility of the indexes, and the consummate knowledge which is evinced of the history and antiquities of the time, render this work deserving of every thing said in commendation of it. Copies on large paper are very rare and dear, as well as magnificent." Dibdin on the Classics, vol. ii. p. 11.

5. Flavii JOSEPHI, quæ repiriri potuerunt, Opera omnia, Græcè et Latinè, ex nova versione, et cum notis Joannis Hudsoni. Accedunt Note Edwardi Bernardi, Jacobi Gronovii, Fr. Combefisii, Ezechielis Spanhemii, Adriani Relandi, et aliorum, tam editæ quam inedite. Post recensionem Joannis Hudsoni denuo recognita, et notis ac indicibus illustrata, studio et labore Sigeberti Havercampi. Amstelodami, 1726, 2 vols. folio.

His style, however, is so exceedingly obscure as to require an ample comment to make it intelligible. He died A.D. 1180. Many of his commentaries have been printed in Hebrew, and some have been translated into Latin by Christians; as that on Esther by Philip Daquin, that on Joel by Genebrard, and those on Ob diah, Jonah, and Zephaniah, by Pontac.

flourished in the twelfth century; his Commentaries on the 11. Rabbi ABRAHAM ABEN EZRA was a native of Spain, and Scriptures, written in an elegant style, are much esteemed bath by Jews and Christians.

flourished towards the close of the twelfth century; he wrote 12. Rabbi DAVID KIMCHI was also a native of Spain, and Commentaries on the Old Testament, which are highly valued particularly that on the prophet Isaiah.

13. Rabbi LEVI BEN GERSHOM, a Spanish Jew, was contem porary with Kimchi: his Commentaries on the Scripture, espe cially on the Pentateuch, are much esteemed. He accounted for the miracles from natural causes.

14. Rabbi AARON BEN ELIHU was an eminent Jewish teacher, who flourished in the fourteenth century. He left a Commer tary on the Pentateuch.

15. Rabbi ISAAC ABARBENEL, or ABRAVANEL (as he is some times called), a Portuguese Jew, flourished in the fifteenth ce tury, and wrote Commentaries on the Pentateuch, the whole of the Prophets, and some other books of Scripture: notwithstand ing his inveterate enmity against Christianity, his writings ar much valued by Christians, and are highly extolled by the Jews 16. Rabbi SOLOMON ABENMELECH, a native of Spain, flourish the Old Testament, in which he has interspersed the best Kimchi's Grammatical Observations.

This is usually considered the editio optima, because it contains much more than Dr. Hudson's edition. The Greek text is very carelessly printed, especially that of Josephus's seven books on the wars of the Jews with the Romans. Havercamp collated two manuscripts in the library of the university at Leyden; and, besides the annotations mentioned in the title, he added some observations by Vossius and Cocceius, which he found in the margin of the edi-ed in the sixteenth century, and wrote Scholia on the whole a to princeps, printed at Basil, in 1644, folio. The typographical execution of Havercamp's edition is very beautiful.

6. Flavii JOSEPHI Opera, Græcè et Latinè, excusa ad editionem Lugduno-Batavam Sigeberti Havercampi cum Oxoniensi Joannis Hudsoni collatam. Curavit Franciscus Oberthür. Lip

siæ, 1782-1785. Vols. I.-III. 8vo.

This very valuable edition, which has never been completed, comprises only the Greek text of Josephus. The succeeding volumes were to contain the critical and philological observations of the editor, who has prefixed to the first volume an excellent critical notice of all the preceding editions of Josephus. The venerable Oberthur is allowed to have taken more pains in ascertaining the correct text of his author, in collating every known MS., in examining every previous edition, and in availing himself of the labours of his predecessors, than have yet been shown by any editor of Josephus." It is therefore deeply to be regretted that such a valuable edition as the present should have been discontinued by an editor so fully competent to finish the arduous task which he has begun. (Dibdin on the Classics, vol. ii. p. 13. 3d edition.)

7. Flavii JOSEPHI Judæi Opera omnia [Græce]. Textum edidit Carol. Ernest. RICHTER. Lipsia, 1826, 6 tomis, 12mo. A very neatly printed edition: it forms the first portion, as the works of Philo form the second part, of a Bibliotheca Patrum, which is to be edited by M. Richter.

Several English translations of Josephus have been published by Court, L'Estrange, and others; but the best is that of Mr. Whiston, folio, London, 1737, after Havercamp's edition; to which are prefixed a good map of Palestine, and seven dissertations by the translator, who has also added many valuable notes, correcting and illustrating the Jewish historian. Whiston's translation has been repeatedly printed in various sizes.

8. Mischna: sive Totius Hebræorum Juris, Rituum, Antiquitatum ac Legum Oralium, Systema: cum clarissimorum Rabbinorum Maimonidis et Bartenors Commentariis integris Hebraice et Latine. Notis illustravit Gul. SURENHUSIUS. stelodami, 1698, 6 tomis, folio.

Am

"This is a very beautiful and correct work, necessary to the library of every biblical critic and divine. He who has it. need be solicitous for nothing more on this subject." (Dr. A. Clarke's Succession of Sacred Literature, p. 56.)

The Commentaries of these Rabbins are inserted in the Bi and again in 1525 and 1526, and in Buxtorf's edition, printed & Rabbinica, published by Bomberg at Venice, in 4 vols. folio, 1515, Basle, 1618, in 4 vols. folio.

17. Rabbi MOSES BEN HAIMON, usually called Maimonides, though not a commentator on the whole of the Old Testament, ought not to be omitted, on account of his Moreh Nevschi, Teacher of the Perplexed, a valuable work, that explains dificul phrases, passages, parables, and allegories. The best edition of this work is that of Basil, 1629, 4to. An English translation of this treatise was published in 1827 by the Rev. Dr. Townley, entitled "The Reasons of the Laws of Moses." Dr. T. has etriched his translation with a life of Maimonides, and with name rous valuable notes and dissertations. The Porta Mosis d Maimonides was edited by Pococke (in Arabic and Latin) Oxford, 1645, 4to., and his treatises De Jure Pauperis, & (Heb. and Lat.) by Prideaux, Oxford, 1679; and De Sacris ciis, 4to. London, 1683.

Several parts of the works of the above-mentioned Rabbins have been printed in a separate form; viz. ;—

1. AARON the Karaite.-Libri Coronæ Legis, id est, Commer tarii Karaitici inediti, ab Aarone ben Elihu seculo decimo quart conscripti, Particulam ex duobus codicibus manuscriptis, aller Jenensi, altero Lugdunensi, edidit, in Latinum transtulit, atque illustravit J. G. L. Kosegarten. Jenæ, 1823, 4to.

2. ABARBENEL.-Commentarius in Pentateuchum, curâ Het rici Van Bashuisen. Hanoveræ, 1710, folio.

In this account of the Jewish Expositors, we have chiefly fo Carpzov, in his Introductio ad Libros Canonicos Veteris Testamenti, p. 3. et seq., and De Rossi's scarce work, entitled Bibliotheca Judiacs An

christiana, quà editil le inediti Judcorum Libri recensetur. Royal Sta Parma, 1800. Wolfius has also treated on the Jewish Commentators a Chaldee Paraphrases, see Part 1, Chap. II. Sect. I. pp. 198-a, of the firs his Bibliotheca Hebræa, tom. ii. p. 368, et passim. For an account of the

Volume.

T

Ejusdem. Commentarius in Prophetas priores, curâ Augusti | has illustrated a great number of passages in the New Testament, Pfeiffer. Lipsiæ, 1686, folio.

Ejusdem, Commentarius in Hoseam, Latine, cum notis Fr. ab Husen. Lugd. Bat. 1686.

Ejusdem, Commentarius in Nahum, curâ J. D. Sprecheri. Helmstadii, 1703, 4to.

3. ABENMELECH.-Ex Michlal Jophi seu Commentario R. Salom. Abenmelech in Veteris Testamenti Libros, una cum

spicilegio R. Jac. Abendana, Particula, complectens prophetiam Jonæ. Heb. et Lat. edente Ernest. Christ. Fabricio. Gottingen, 1792, 8vo.

4. JARCHI.-R. Sal. Jarchii Commentarius in omnes Veteris Testamenti Libros, versus et illustratus a Jo. Frid. Breithaupto, 3 vols. 4to. Gothæ, 1713.

from Josephus, which are not noticed in Ott's Spicilegium. In pp. 527-612. of the latter publication, there is a curious collection of sixty-eight articles, omitted by Josephus, of which he could not have been ignorant; and to this is annexed an interesting dissertation of C. Bos, on the genuineness of the celebrated passage concerning Jesus Christ.

8. Mellificium Hebraicum, sive Observationes ex Hebræorum Antiquiorum monumentis desumptæ, unde plurima cum Veteris, tum Novi Testamenti, loca explicantur vel illustrantur. Autore Christophoro CARTWRIGHTO. In the eighth volume of the Critici Sacri, pp. 1271-1426.

being the first who applied the more ancient writings of the Jews To our learned countryman Cartwright belongs the honour of to the illustration of the Bible. He was followed in the same path of literature by Drusius, whose Præterita sive Annotationes in Totum Jesu Christi Testamentum (4to. Franequera, 1612) contain many

5. KIMCHI.-R. D. Kimchii Commentarius in Jesaiam, Latine valuable illustrations of the New Testament. Some additions were versus a Cæsare Malamineo. Florentiæ, 1774, 4to.

subsequently made to his work by Balthasar Scheidius, whose Pre-
noticed in No. 11. below.
terita Præteritorum are included in the publication of Meuschen,

6. MALACHIAS, cum Commentariis Aben Ezræ, Jarchii et Kimchii disputationibus. Curâ Sam. Bohl. Rostochii, 1637, 4to. 7. HOSEAS, illustratus Chaldaica Versione et philologicis cele-Catharine Hall, Cambridge. Edited by the Rev. J. R. Pitnam, 9. The Works of the Rev. John LIGHTFOOT, D.D., Master of brium Rabbinorum Raschi, Aben Ezræ, et Kimchii Commentariis. A.M. London, 1822-25, 13 vols. 8vo. Helmstadii, 1702, 4to. Reprinted at Gottingen, 1780.

The writings of Dr. Lightfoot are an invaluable treasure to the 8. JOEL et OBADIAH, cum Paraphrasi Chaldaica, Masora, et Biblical Student. By his deep researches into the Rabbinical writCommentariis trium Rabbinorum. Heb. et Lat. curâ Jo. LEUS-ings, he has done more to illustrate the phraseology of the Holy DEN. Utrecht, 1657, 4to.

9. Johannis MERCERI Commentarii in Vates quinque priores, quibus adjuncti sunt R. Sal. Jarchii, Aben Ezræ, et Dav. Kimchii Commentarii, ab ipso Latinitate donati. Editio altera, curâ G. C. Bürklini. Gissæ, 1695.

Scriptures, and to explain the various customs, &c. therein alluded to, particularly in the New Testament, than any other author before or since. Two editions of this learned Divine's works were published previously to that now under consideration, viz. 1. The English edition of Dr. G. Bright, in two folio volumes, London, 1684; and, 2. A Latin edition, published at Rotterdam, in 2 vols. folio, 1686, entitled Joannis Lightfooti Opera Omnia, and again at

10. J. B. CARPZOVII Collegium Rabbinico-Biblicum in libel- Franeker in three folio volumes, which were superintended by the lum Ruth. Heb. et Lat. Lipsiæ, 1703, 4to.

This work contains the Hebrew text of the book of Ruth, the Targum, the great and little Masora, and four Rabbinical Commentaries, together with Latin versions, and copious notes by the editor, J. B. Carpzov. Calmet states, that this book will be found of great service to those who are learning Hebrew, and will also serve as an introduction to the reading of the rabbinical writers.

2. Christ. Theophili KUINOEL Observationes ad Novum Testamentum ex Libris Apocryphis Veteris Testamenti. Lipsiæ, 1794, 8vo.

3. Joh. Benedicti CARPZOVII Exercitationes in S. Pauli Epistolam ad Hebræos ex Philone Alexandrino. Præfixa sunt Philoniana Prolegomena, in quibus de non adeo contemnenda Philonis seruditione Hebraica, de convenientia stili Philonis cum illo D. Pauli in Epistola ad Hebræos, et de aliis nonnullis varii argumenti exponitur. Helmstadii, 1750, 8vo.

4. J. B. CARPZOVII Stricturæ Theologica in Epistolam Pauli ad Romanos. Adspersi subinde sunt Flores Philoniani. Helmstadii, 1758, 8vo.

This is the second and best edition of Carpzov's Observations on St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans; they originally appeared in detached portions, at Helmstadt, in quarto, between the years 1752

and 1756.

5. Christophori Frederici LOESNERI Observationes ad Novum Testamentum e Philone Alexandrino. 8vo. Lipsia, 1777.

celebrated critic, Leusden. These foreign editions are taken from third volume in Leusden's edition is composed chiefly of several the English one, the English parts being translated into Latin: the pieces, which Lightfoot had left unfinished, but which were too Mr. Strype, who in 1700 published "Some genuine Remains of the valuable to be altogether omitted. They were communicated by late pious and learned John Lightfoot, D.D." in 8vo. In preparing his edition, Mr. Pitman has adopted for his basis the London edition of 1684, and Strype's supplemental volume, incorporating the additional matter in Leusden's edition: and, by indefatigable researches, he has succeeded in recovering some pieces of Lightfoot's which were never before published. New Indexes and other facilities of reference, are given in the concluding volume of this edition. It is but justice to add that they are neatly and correctly printed, and from their reasonable price, demand a place in every biblical Talmudice, or Hebrew and Talmudical Exercitations on the New library. In order to complete Dr. Lightfoot's Hora Hebraica et Testament, which proceed no further than the first Epistle to the Corinthians, Christian SCHOETGENIUS published

10. Hore Hebraicæ et Talmudice in Universum Novum Testamentum, quibus Hore Jo. Lightfooti in libris historicis supplentur, epistolæ et apocalypsis eodem modo illustrantur. Dresdæ, 1733, 2 tomis, 4to.

In this elaborate work, Schoetgenius passes over the same books touching the topics already produced in the English work; and on which Dr. Lightfoot has treated, as a supplement, without then continues the latter to the end of the New Testament. Copies in good condition generally sell at from two to three guineas.

11. Novum Testamentum ex Talmude et Antiquitatibus Hebræorum illustratum, a Johanne Gerhardo MEUSCHENIO. Lipsia, 1736, 4to.

In this work are inserted various treatises by Danzius, Rhenford, Scheidius, and others, who have applied themselves to the illustra tion of the New Testament from the Jewish writings.

SECTION III.

CHRISTIAN COMMENTATORS, INTERPRETERS, AND PARAPHRASTS
ON THE SCRIPTURES.

This work was preceded by a quarto tract of Loesner's, entitled Lectionum Philonianarum Specimen, published at Leipsic, in 1758. The force and meaning of words are particularly illustrated, together with points of antiquity and the readings of Philo's text. The light thrown upon the New Testament, by the writings of Philo, is admirably elucidated by Loesner; to complete whose work there should be added Adami Frid. KUHNII Spicilegium Loesneri Observationum ad N. T. e Philone Alexandrino. Sorau, 1783, 1. COMMENTARIES BY THE FATHERS, AND OTHER DIVINES 1to.; 2d ed. Pforte, 1785, 8vo. The second is the best edition. 6. Jo. Baptiste OTT Spicilegium, sive Excerpta è Flavio Josepho ad Novi Testamenti Illustrationem. Curâ Sigeberti Havercampi. Lug. Bat. 1741, 8vo.

7. Jo. Tobiæ KREBSII Observationes in Novum Testamentum e Flavio Josepho. Lipsiæ, 1755, 8vo.

Both these works are necessary to the Biblical Student, as Krebs

OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH, PREVIOUSLY TO THE REFOR-
MATION.

THE following are the principal commentators on the sacred writings, who are to be found among the PRIMITIVE FATHERS OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH: but, in consulting their writings, the best editions only should be referred to, especially those by Protestants; as the editions superintended by divines of the

Romish Church are not only frequently corrupted, but spurious | 1807, Matthiæ published fifty-two of his homilies at Moscow, a writings are also often ascribed to the fathers, in order to support 8vo. with various readings, a commentary and index. the anti-scriptural dogmas of that church.1

[i] Greek Fathers.

3. THEODORETI, Episcopi Cyrensis, Explanationes in Pani Epistolas omnes. Inter Opera, Parisiis, 1608, 2 tomis, folia Parisiis, 1642, 4 tomis, folio. Hala, 1769-74, 5 tomis, 8va THEODORET, Bishop of Cyrus, or Cyropolis, in Syria, wrote in the ORIGENIS in Scripturas Sacras Commentaria, quæcunque fifth century: though he chiefly follows Chrysostom in his coGræce reperiri potuerunt. Edidit, partim Latinè vertit, et uni-mentary on St. Paul's Epistles, he has added many new and striking versa notis et observationibus illustravit Petrus Daniel Huetius, observations of his own, and has successfully vindicated mat Rothomagi, 1668, 2 tomis, folio. passages against the Arians and other sectaries of his time. Ti critical merits of Theodoret as an expositor of Scripture, were investigated by M. Richter in a treatise entitled De Theocores Epistolarum Paulinarum Interprete Commentarius Historico-Exe geticus. Lipsiæ, 1822, 8vo.

Lectionumque varietate instruxit Franciscus Passovius 4. NONNI Panopolita Metaphrasis Evangelii Joannei. Recen Accessit Evangelium Joannis. Defuncto Passovio editionem curavit Nicolaus Bachius. Lipsiæ, 1833, 8vo. NONNUS, of Panopolis in Egypt, lived in the early part of t fifteenth century. written in Greek verse, contains some various readings which have His paraphrase on St. John's Gospel, which s been noticed by Mill, Bengel, Wetstein, Griesbach, and Scholz their several critical editions of the Greek Testament. Passon' edition of Nonnus is the best that has ever been published.

ORIGEN flourished in the latter part of the second and through the first half of the third century; and was distinguished not more by his learning than by his piety and eloquence. He wrote Commentaries on the Old and New Testaments, the greater part of which is now lost the best separate edition of what has been pre-suit, served is this of Huet. He also wrote Scholia or short notes explanatory of difficult passages of Scripture, in which he chiefly attended to the literal sense. Of these Scholia some extracts only are preserved in the collection made by Gregory Nazianzen and Basil the Great, entitled Philocalia, and published at Paris, in 1618, 4to. His Homilies, in which he addressed himself to the capacities of the people, as well as his numerous other works, both practical and controversial, our limits permit us not to detail; and his critical labours on the sacred writings are noticed in another part of this work. In the Commentaries above mentioned, Origen gave full scope to his learning and imagination, in what appeared to him to be the historical, literal, mystical, and moral sense of the Bible. Origen's grand fault is that of allegorizing the Scriptures too much; and this method of interpretation he adopted from the Alexandrian philosophers, in the hope of establishing an union between heathen philosophy and Christian doctrine. His fundamental canon of criticism was, that, wherever the literal sense of Scripture was not obvious, or not clearly consistent with his peculiar tenets, the words were to be understood in a spiritual and mystical sense; a rule by which he could easily incorporate any fancies, whether original or borrowed, with the Christian creed. Mosheim has justly characterized this father as one of the most eminent of the writers of the third century, who distinguished themselves by their learned and pious productions; and as "a man of vast and uncommon abilities, the greatest luminary of the Christian world that this age exhibited to view. Had the justness of his judgment been equal to the immensity of his genius, the fervour of his piety, his indefatigable patience, his extensive erudition, and his other eminent and superior talents, all encomiums must have fallen short of his merit. Yet, such as he was, his virtues and his labours deserve the admiration of all ages; and his name will be transmitted with honour through the annals of time, as long as learning and genius shall be esteemed among men." The expository writings of Origen are to be found in the collective editions of his works: the most complete is the edition published by M. de la Rue, in four vols. folio, Paris, 1733-59; reprinted by M. Oberthür at Wurceburg, in 15 vols. 8vo. 1780 and following years.

2. Joannis CHRYSOSTOMI Sermones tres in Genesim;-Quatuor Homiliæ in Psalmos;-Expositio perpetua in Novum Jesu Christi Testamentum; folio. In the various editions of his collective works.

JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, who flourished in the fourth century, was a pupil of Diodorus of Tarsus, who had himself been a disciple of Origen's. He wrote homilies on the greater part of the Old Testament, and on the whole of the New Testament, with the exception of the Catholic epistles. His homilies on the New Testament are every way preferable to those on the Old. Ernesti is of opinion that none of the productions of the fathers are equal to those of Chrysostom on St. Paul's Epistles; and that all subsequent Greek commentators on them have exclusively followed him. On the historical books, his commentary on St. Matthew is incomparably the best and most copious, and is particularly worthy of being perused. Chrysostom's manner of expounding is this: he first takes a verse of Scripture, which he explains; and then investigates and elucidates the meaning of particular words, pointing out the scope of the sacred author, whose style and genius he examines, and rendering all Hebraisms by equivalent intelligible Greek expressions. He throughout adheres to the literal sense, which he maintained to be the true one. The homilies are found in the beautiful Editio Princeps of his works published by Sir Henry Saville, in 8 vols. folio, Eton, 1612; and in Montfaucon's edition, which is the best, published at Paris, in 13 vols. folio, 1718-1738. An admirable French translation of a selection from Chrysostom's Homilies, and other works, was printed by Auger, at Paris, 1785, in 4 vols. 8vo. In

1 See numerous proofs of this remark in James's Treatise of the Corrup tion of Scripture Councils and Fathers by the prelates, &c. of the church of Rome, for inaintenance of popery, pp. 1–271. London, 1688, 8vo. 2 See Vol. I. Part I. pp. 267, 28.

Jahn's Enchiridion Hermeneuticæ Generalis, pp. 163, 161. A further account of Origen's expository labours may be seen in Ernesti's Institutio Interpretis Novi Testainenti, pp. 286, 287, and in Morus's Acroases super Hermeneutica Novi Fœderis, tom. ii. pp. 230-236.; in Rosenmüller's Historia Interpretationis Librorum Sacrorum, tom. iii. pp. 17-156. and Simon's Hist. Crit. du Vieux Test. liv. ii. ch. ix. PP. 439-442.

Mosheim's Eccl. Hist. vol. i. p. 270. edit. 1906. On the merits of Origen as an interpreter of Holy Writ, see Conybeare's Bampton Lectures for 1824, pp. 131-143.

[ii.] Latin Fathers.

1. HIERONYMI Quæstiones Hebraicæ in Genesin ;-Ejusden Commentarii in Ecclesiasten; duæ in Canticum Canticorum Homiliæ, ex Græco Origenis;-Commentarii in Iesaiam;-K miliæ novem in Visiones Isaiæ, ex Græco Origenis;-Commer tarius in Jeremiam;-Commentarii in Ezechielem Libri XIV.:

Commentarius in Danielem. Homilia Origenis XXVIIL Explanationes in Jeremiam et Ezechielem continentes;-Con mentarii in XII Prophetas Minores; Commentarii in Matthe Libri IV.;-Commentarii in Pauli Epistolas ad Galatas, Ephe sios, Titum, et Philemonem, folio. In the different editions of works.

JEROME, of all the Latin fathers, has rendered the most imp tant services to the Christian world, by his elaborate Commer on the Scriptures, and his prefaces to the different books. H commentary on the Prophets is reckoned the best part of his warto his valuable Latin version of the Scriptures has been noticed int latter part of the first volume. The principal editions of the nently learned father's works are those of Paris, 1693-1706, in live vols. folio) and of Verona, 1734-1742, in eleven vols. folio.

2. HILARII Commentarius in Psalmos et in Evange Matthæi, folio, in the various editions of his works.

HILARY, Bishop of Poitiers, in the fourth century, wrote Con mentaries on the Psalms, and on the Gospel of St. Matthew, whit consist more of what he borrowed from Origen than of the resel of his own studies: and on this account Morus is of opinion, that little assistance can be derived from consulting them. This se thor must not be confounded with Hilary, surnamed the Death from the office which he filled in the Church at Rome in the m dle of the fourth century: and who wrote a Commentary on S Paul's Epistles, which is printed in the second volume of the Bes dictine edition of Ambrose's works (Paris, 1686-1690, 2 vols. kr. to whom they are erroneously ascribed.

3. Aurelii AUGUSTINI Commentarii tam in Vetus quam in Novum Testamentum, ex omnibus ejusdem lucubrationibus c lecti. Studio et labore Joannis Gastii. Venetiis, 1543, 2 vols. 4

fourth century, wrote several Treatises on the Scriptures, and e AUGUSTINE, the celebrated Bishop of Hippo in Africa, in ticularly Commentaries on the Psalms, neither of which are es held in much estimation, notwithstanding the high rank he had in ecclesiastical history. His piety, indefatigable application s lime genius, unwearied pursuit of truth, and the acuteness of wit, are universally allowed.

"

"It is however certain,' says Ne sheim, "that the accuracy and solidity of his judgment were by that upon many occasions, he was more guided by the violent means proportionable to the eminent talents now mentioned; ani pulse of a warm imagination, than by the cool dictates of resso prudence. Hence that ambiguity which appears in his write and which has sometimes rendered the most attentive readers us certain with respect to his real sentiments; and hence also the ja complaints which many have made of the contradictions that ar frequent in his work, and of the levity and precipitation with wh he set himself to write upon a variety of subjects, before he h examined them with a sufficient degree of attention and diligence." Jahn has remarked that the genius of Augustine resembled that s Origen rather than that of Jerome, to both of whom he was greath

Several editions of Chrysostom's Homilies are enumerated by Harles in his Brevior Notitia Literaturæ Græcæ, pp. 739–741.; to which work, » well as to those of Ernesti and Morus, above referred to, we are che indebted for the following notices of the Commentaries of the Greek en Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History, vol. i. p.. 363.

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