ἐκτὸς ἀποκλίνει θάλασσαν. Αὗται μάλιστα Ρωμαίους ἠνίασαν αἱ δωρεαί. Καίτοι πολλοῖς ἐχαρίζετο τετραρχίας καὶ βασιλείας ἐθνῶν μεγάλων, ιδιώ ταις οὖσι, πολλοὺς δ ̓ ἀφῃρεῖτο βασιλείας, ὡς Ἀντίγονον τὸν Ἰουδαῖον, ὃν καὶ προαγαγὼν ἐπελέκισεν, οὐδε νὸς πρότερον ἑτέρου βασίλεως οὕτω κολασθέντος. Ἀλλὰ τὸ αἰσχρὸν ἦν τῶν Κλεοπάτρας τιμῶν ἀνιαρότατον. Αύξησε δὲ τὴν διαβολὴν παῖδας ἐξ αὐτῆς διδύμους ἀνελόμενος καὶ προσαγορεύσας τὸν μὲν Ἀλέξανδρον, τὴν δὲ Κλεοπάτραν, ἐπίκλησιν δὲ τὸν μὲν Ἥλιον, τὴν δὲ Σελήνην. Οὐ μὴν ἀλλ' ἀγαθὸς ὢν ἐγκαλλωπίσασθαι τοῖς αἰσχροῖς ἐλεγε τῆς μὲν Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμονίας οὐ δι' ὧν λαμβάνουσιν, ἀλλ' ἐν οἷς χαρίζονται φαίνεσθαι τὸ μέγεθος· διαδοχαῖς δὲ καὶ τεκνώσεσι πολλῶν βασιλέων πλατύνεσθαι τὰς εὐγενείας. Οὕτω γοῦν ὑφ' Ηρακλέους τεκνωθῆναι τὸν αὐτοῦ πρόγονον, οὐκ ἐν μιᾷ γαστρὶ θεμένου τὴν διαδοχήν, οὐδὲ νόμους Σολωνείους καὶ κυήσεως εὐθύνας δεδοικότος, ἀλλὰ τῇ φύσει πολλὰς γενῶν ἀρχὰς καὶ καταβολὰς ἀπολιπεῖν ἐφιέντος.

which stretcheth out toward the ocean. These great gifts much misliked the Romans. But now, though Antonius did easily give away great segniories, realms, and mighty nations unto some private men, and that he also took from other kings their lawful realms (as from Antigonus, king of the Jews, whom he openly beheaded, where never king before had suffered like death): yet all this did not so much offend the Romans, as the unmeasurable honours which he did unto Cleopatra. But yet he did much more aggravate their malice and ill-will towards him, because that Cleopatra having brought him two twins, a son and a daughter, he named his son Alexander, and his daughter Cleopatra; and gave them, to their surnames, the Sun to the one, and the Moon to the other. This notwithstanding, he that could finely cloke his shameful deeds with fine words, said, that the greatness and magnificence of the empire of Rome appeared most, not where the Romans took, but where they gave much and nobility was multiplied amongst men by the posterity of kings, when they left of their seed in divers places: and that by this means his first ancestor was begotten of Hercules, who had not left the hope and continuance of his line and posterity in the womb of one only woman, fearing Solon's laws, or regarding the ordinances of men touching the procreation of children: but that ge have it unto nature, and established the foundation of many noble races and families in divers places."

LIII. Ἐν δὲ Ῥώμη βουλομένης Οκταουίας πλεῦσαι πρὸς Ἀντώνιον ἐπέτρεψε Καίσαρ, ὡς οἱ πλείους λέγουσιν, οὐκ ἐκείνῃ χαριζόμενος, ἀλλ' ὅπως περιυβρισθεῖσα καὶ καταμεληθεῖσα πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον αἰτίαν εὐ πρεπῆ παράσχοι. Γενομένη δὲ ἐν

Ant. 29: Now whilst Antonius was busy in this preparation, Octavia his wife, whom he had left at Rome, would needs take sea to come unto him. Her brother Octavius Cæsar was willing to it, not for his respect at all (as most authors do report) as for that he might have an honest colour to make war with Antonius, if he did misuse her, and

Αθήναις ἐδέξατο γράμματα παρὰ Αντωνίου κελεύοντος αὐτόθι προσμένειν καὶ τὰ περὶ τὴν ἀνάβασιν δηλοῦντος. Ἡ δέ, καίπερ ἀχθομένη καὶ νοοῦσα τὴν πρόφασιν, ὅμως ἔγραψε πυνθανομένη, ποὶ κελεί ει πεμφθῆναι τὰ κομιζόμενα πρὸς αὐ τόν. Εκόμιζε δὲ πολλὴν μὲν ἐσθῆτα στρατιωτικήν, πολλὰ δὲ ὑποζύγια καὶ χρήματα καὶ δῶρα τοῖς περὶ αὐτὸν ἡγεμόσι καὶ φίλοις· ἐκτὸς δὲ τούτων στρατιώτας ἐπιλέκτους δισχιλίους εἰς στρατηγικὰς σπείρας κεκοσμημένους ἐκπρεπέσι πανοπλίαις. Ταῦτα Νίγρος τις Αντωνίου φίλος ἀποσταλεὶς παρ' αὐτῆς ἔφραζε, καὶ προσετίθει τοὺς αξίους καὶ πρέποντας ἐπαίνους. Αισθομένη δὲ ἡ Κλεοπάτρα τὴν Ὀκ ταονίαν ὁμόσε χωροῦσαν αὐτῇ καὶ φοβηθεῖσα, μὴ τοῦ τρόπου τῇ σεμνότητι καὶ τῇ Καίσαρος δυνάμει προσκτησαμένη τὸ καθ ̓ ἡδονὴν ὁμιλεῖν καὶ θεραπεύειν Αντώνιον άμαχος γέν νηται καὶ κρατήσῃ παντάπασι τοῦ ἀνδρός, ἐρᾶν αὐτὴ προσεποιεῖτο τοῦ Αντωνίου, καὶ τὸ σῶμα λεπταῖς καθήρει διαίταις· τὸ δὲ βλέμμα προσιόντος ἐκπεπληγμένον, ἀπερχομένου δὲ τηκόμενον καὶ ταπεινούμενον ὑπεφαίνετο. Πραγματευομένη δὲ πολλάκις ὀφθῆναι δακρύουσα ταχὺ τῶν δακρύων ἀφῄρει καὶ ἀπέκρυπτεν, ὡς δὴ βουλομένη λανθάνειν ἐκεῖνον. Ἐπράττετο δὲ ταῦτα μέλλοντος τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ἐκ Συρίας αναβαίνειν πρὸς τὸν Μῆδον. Οἱ δὲ κόλακες σπουδά ζοντες ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς ἐλοιδόρουν τὸν Αντώνιον ὡς σκληρὸν καὶ ἀπαθὴ καὶ παραπολλύντα γύναιον εἰς ἕνα καὶ

not esteem of her as she ought to be. But when she was come to Athens, she received letters from Antonius, willing her to stay there until his coming, and did advertise her of his journey and determination. The which though it grieved her much, and that she knew it was but an excuse: yet by her letters to him of answer, she asked him, whether he would have those things sent unto him, which she had brought him, being great store of apparel for soldiers, a great number of horse, sums of money and gifts to bestow on his friends and captains he had about him: and besides all those, she had 2000 soldiers, chosen men, all well armed like unto the Prætor's bands. When Niger, one of Antonius' friends, whom he had sent unto Athens, had brought these news from his wife Octavia, and withal did greatly praise her, as she was worthy and well deserved, Cleopatra, knowing that Octavia would have Antonius from her, and fearing also that if with her virtue and honest behaviour

(besides the great power of her brother Cæsar) she did add thereunto her modest kind love to please her husband, that she would then be too strong for her, and in the end win him away: she subtly seemed to languish for the love of Antonius, pining her body for lack of meat. Furthermore, she every way so framed her countenance, that when Antonius came to see her, she cast her eyes upon him, like a woman ravished for joy. Straight again when he went from her, she fell a-weeping and blubbering, looking ruefully on the matter, 'and still found the means that Antonius should oftentimes find her weeping: and then when he came suddenly upon her, she made as though she dried her eyes, and turned her face away, as if she were unwilling that he should see her weep. All these tricks she used, Antonius being in readiness to go into Syria, to speak with the king of Medes. Then the flatterers that furthered Cleopatra's mind blamed Antonius, and told him that he was

μόνον ἐκεῖνον ἀνηρτημένον. Ὀκταουίαν μὲν γὰρ πραγμάτων ἕνεκα διὰ τὸν ἀδελφὸν συνελθεῖν καὶ τὸ τῆς γαμετῆς ὄνομα καρπούσθαι· Κλεο πάτραν δὲ τοσούτων ἀνθρώπων βασιλεύουσαν ἐρωμένην Αντωνίου καλεῖσθαι καὶ τοὔνομα τοῦτο μὴ φεύγειν μηδ' ἀπαξιοῦν, ἕως ὁρᾶν ἐκεῖνον ἔξεστι καὶ συζῆν· ἀπελαυνομένην δὲ τούτου μὴ περιβιώσεσθαι. Τέλος δ' οὖν οὕτω τὸν ἄνθρωπον, ἐξέτηξαν καὶ ἀπεθήλυναν, ὥστε δείσαντα, μὴ Κλεοπάτρα πρόηται τὸν βίον, εἰς Αλεξάνδρειαν ἐπανελθεῖν, τὸν δὲ Μῆδον εἰς ὥραν ἔτους αναβαλέσθαι, καίπερ ἐν στάσει τῶν Παρθικών εἶναι λεγομένων. Οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ τοῦ τον μὲν ἀναβάς αὖθις εἰς φιλίαν προσηγάγετο, καὶ λαβὼν ἑνὶ τῶν ἐκ Κλεοπάτρας υἱῶν γυναῖκα μίαν αὐ τοῦ τῶν θυγατέρων ἔτι μικρὰν οὖσαν ἐγγυήσας ἐπανῆλθεν, ἤδη πρὸς τὸν ἐμφύλιον πόλεμον τετραμμένος.

a hard-natured man, and that he had small love in him, that would see a poor lady in such torment for his sake, whose life depended only upon him alone. For Octavia, said they, that was married unto him as it were of necessity, because her brother Cæsar's affairs so required it, hath the honour to be called Antonius' lawful spouse and wife: and Cleopatra, being born a queen of so many thousands of men, is only named Antonius' leman; and yet that she disdained not so to be called, if it might please him she might enjoy his company, and live with him; but if he once leave her, that then it is unpossible, she should live." To be short, by these their flatteries and enticements, they so wrought Antonius' effeminate mind that, fearing lest she would make herself away, he returned again unto Alexandria, and referred the king of Medes to the next year following, although he received news that the Parthians at that time were at civil wars among themselves. This notwithstanding, he went afterwards and made peace with him. For he married his daughter, which was very young, unto one of the sons that Cleopatra had by him: and then returned being fully bent to make war with Cæsar.

LIV. Οκταουίαν δὲ Καῖσαρ ὑβρί σθαι δοκοῦσαν, ὡς ἐπανῆλθεν ἐξ Ἀθηνῶν, ἐκέλευσε καθ' ἑαυτὴν οἰκεῖν. Ἡ δὲ οὐκ ἔφη τὸν οἶκον ἀπολείψειν τοῦ ἀνδρός, ἀλλὰ κἀκεῖνον αὐτόν, εἰ μὴ δι' ἑτέρας αἰτίας ἔγνωκε πολεμεῖν Αντωνίῳ, παρεκάλει τὰ καθ' ἑαυτὴν ἐᾶν, ὡς οὐδὲ ἀκοῦσαι καλόν, εἰ τῶν μεγίστων αὐτοκρατόρων ὁ μὲν δι' ἔρωτα γυναικός, ὁ δὲ διὰ ζηλοτυπίαν εἰς ἐμφύλιον πόλεμον Ρωμαίους κατ έστησε. Ταῦτα δὲ λέγουσα μᾶλλον ἐβεβαίου δι' ἔργων. Καὶ γὰρ ᾤκει

30. When Octavia was returned to Rome from Athens, Caesar commanded her to go out of Antonius' house, and to dwell by herself, because he had abused her. Octavia answered him again, that she would not forsake her husband's house, and that if he had no other occasion to make war with him, she prayed him then to take no thought for her: „For," said she, it were too shameful a thing, that two so famous captains should bring in civil wars among the Romans, the one for the love of a woman, and the other for the jealousy betwixt one another." Now as she spake the word, so did she also perform the deed: for she kept still in An

τὴν οἰκίαν, ὥσπερ αὐτοῦ παρόντος ἐκείνου, καὶ τῶν τέκνων οὐ μόνον τῶν

ἐξ ἑαυτῆς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ἐκ Φουλβίας γεγονότων καλῶς καὶ μεγαλοπρεπώς ἐπεμελεῖτο· καὶ τοὺς πεμπομένους ἐπὶ ἀρχάς τινας ἢ πράγματα τῶν Αντωνίου φίλων ὑποδεχομένη συνέπραττεν ὧν παρὰ Καίσαρος δεηθεῖεν. Ἄκουσα δὲ ἔβλαπτε διὰ τούτων Αντώνιον· ἐμισεῖτο γὰρ ἀδικῶν γυναῖκα τοιαύτην. Ἐμισήθη δὲ καὶ διὰ τὴν διανέμησιν, ἣν ἐποιήσατο τοῖς τέκνοις ἐν Ἀλεξανδρείᾳ, τραγικὴν καὶ ὑπερήφανον καὶ μισορρώμαιον φανεῖσαν. Εμπλήσας γὰρ ὄχλου τὸ γυμνάσιον καὶ θέμενος ἐπὶ βήματος ἀργυροῦ δύο θρόνους χρυσοῖς, τὸν μὲν ἑαυτῷ, τὸν δὲ Κλεοπάτρα, καὶ τοῖς παισὶν ἑτέρους ταπεινοτέρους, πρῶτον μὲν ἀπέφηνε Κλεοπάτραν βασίλισσαν Αἰγύπτου καὶ Κύπρου και Λιβύης καὶ κοίλης Συρίας, συμβασιλεύοντος αὐτῇ Καισαρίωνος,* ὃς ἐκ Καίσαρος ἐδόκει τοῦ προτέρου γεγονέναι Κλεοπάτραν ἔγκυον καταλιπόντος· δεύτερον δὲ τοὺς ἐξ αὑτοῦ καὶ Κλεοπάτρας υἱοὺς βασιλεῖς βασιλέων ἀναγορεύσας Ἀλεξάνδρῳ μὲν Ἀρμενίαν ἀπένειμε καὶ Μηδίαν καὶ τὰ Πάρθων, ὅταν ὑπαγάγηται, Πτολεμαίῳ δὲ Φοινίκην καὶ Συρίαν καὶ Κιλικίαν. Αμα δὲ καὶ προήγαγε τῶν παίδων Αλέξανδρον μὲν ἐσθῆτι Μηδικῇ τιάραν καὶ

tonius' house, as if he had been there, and very honestly and honourably kept his children, not only those she had by him, but the other which her husband had by Fulvia. Furthermore, when Antonius sent any of his men to Rome, to sue for any office in the commonwealth, she received them very courteously, and so used herself unto her brother, that she obtained the things she requested. Howbeit thereby, thinking no hurt, she did Antonius great hurt.

For her honest love and regard to her husband made every man hate him, when they saw he did so unkindly use so noble a lady: but the greatest cause of their malice unto him was for the division of lands he made among his children in the city of Alexandria.

And, to confess a truth, it was too arrogant and insolent a part, and done (as a man would say) in derision and contempt of the Romans; for he assembled all the people in the show-place, where young men do exercise themselves, and there upon a high tribunal silvered he set two chairs of gold, the one for himself and the other for Cleopatra, and lower chairs for his children; then he openly published before the assembly that first of all he did establish Cleopatra queen of Egypt, of Cyprus, of Lydia, and of the Lower Syria; and at that time also, Cæsarion king of the same realms. This Cæsarion was supposed to be the son of Julius Cæsar, who had left Cleopatra great with child. Secondly, he called the sons he had by her the kings of kings, and gave Alexander, for his portion, Armenia, Media, and Parthia, when he had conquered the country; and unto Ptolemy, for his portion, Phoenicia, Syria and Cilicia. And therewithal he brought out Alexander in a long