us:

We now trace the derivation of such parts as are bequeathed to then compare the French, Latin substantive verbs,

Aм, cognate with Gr. eiμì = åɛí μoi, life to me.

Is

εἰς Ξ

aɛi, ov, life to thee.

ARE (Icelandic or Danish) er; were (Ger. war); cognate with Gr. Eup spring; (Lat. ver, vireo).

WERT, said to be a remnant of A.-S. weorthan or wyrthan, to be, to become.

Fus, (Lat. fui); (Gr. púw), to grow.

SERAI, (Span. ser, t, be); hence serai=j'ai ser, I have to be, or I

shall be.

LATIN.

SUM, similar to ɛiμì = Lwn μo, life to me.

Fur, fuo, to spring, to grow. (Gr. qúw.)

ESTO, (from e-stare), to stand out.

Hence we find the notions involved in the substantive verb to be, life, growth, standing, springing, existence, flourishing.

OWE, (A.-S.) ágan, to have, or hold.

WIST, (A.-S.) witan, to know.

WORTH, (A.-S.) weorthan, to be or become; (Ger. werden). QUOTH, (quothe, quoth, quod), whence quote and bequeath.. METHINKS, (A.-S.) thincan, to seem; thencan means to think. MELISTS, (A.-S.) ly stan, to please, whence lust.

Do (act.), (A.-S.) don, to make (facere).

Do (intr.), (A.-S.) dugan, to thrive, to avail (valere). YCLAD, YCLEPT. The A.-S. participial prefix was ge, corrupted into y; so, geclad, geclept (clepan, to call, A.-S.), became yclad, yclept.

DID,
HIGHT,

These verbs are said to be the only verbs we possess which show traces of reduplication.

Pronunciation of Saxon.

1. The student may find it difficult to trace the connection between the Saxon word and its English derivative, on account of a difference in their forms. This difficulty will disappear if the Saxon pronunciation be rightly understood.

2. To assist him the following rules and explanation are subjoined.

VOWELS.

A

Each vowel in the Saxon has a double sound, viz. the ordinary sound and a long or broader one. The latter is distinguished by the marks or superscribed.

A has the sound of a in ah, as in father.

Á or â pronounced longer and broader, something like o; as, lâr=lore, sâr sore, ac oak.

E (before a consonant followed by a vowel) pronounced like ea in bear.

E (before a or o) pronounced like y; as, eorl, yeorl.

E at the end of a syllable is lightly sounded, like the French unaccented 'e.'

É pronounced like æ'.

I Y pronounced like i in dim.

I (before another vowel) pronounced like y.

í ŕ pronounced like ee in deem, some say like i in wine.

o pronounced like o in not.

I before e and u has the sound of y; as, Iudeas, Jews; iugod, youth.

Eo seems to have had a sound of u, as sweord = swurd.

CONSONANTS.

The consonants are pronounced as in English, with the following exceptions:

c was pronounced like k until a comparatively late period, when it ap

pears to have degenerated into ch, as in church; ceorl, churl; cild, child.

F had probably a sound approaching to v between two vowels, or at the end of a syllable, as appears from its being sometimes represented by u; as, heauod for heafod, head, &c.

e is never soft: when placed between two of the vowels æ, e, i, or y, or
at the beginning of a syll-ble before e or i, followed by another
vowel, it has the sound of y as lufige, lufiye; gear, year; fægen,
fayne, fæger, fayre, fair.

a before e or i, and (like h) at the end of a syllable, was probably
guttural, as often in German, and almost silent; as, bys-ig, busy.
H was a hard aspirate, and is used at the beginning of syllables before
1, n, r, w; as, hláf, loaf; hnutu, nut; hring, ring. Before w it has
become our wh; as, hwettan, to whet; hwæl, whale.

At the end of a word, either by itself, or followed by a hard consonant, it has the sound of Gr. x, or Ger. ch guttural, and is represented in modern English by gh; as, purh, through; leoht, light.

CG is usually written for gg; as, secgan, for seggan, to say.

p (tha) is our hard th, as in thing.

(eth) is our soft th, as in other.

p usually begins, ð ends a syllable. A corrupted form of p, written in later MSS. not unlike y, has given rise to the use of ye in old books for the,' i.e. fe. The use of this letter was continued as late as the 16th century.

If the student will attend to these simple rules, he will be able to reconcile many apparent incongruities in etymology; for he will perceive that many words have been written after the pronunciation rather than the form of their originals. Thus 'own' from ågen; here, if á be pronounced as o, and g like y (as is often the case in German), we have oyen, which is not far from

' own.'

CHAPTER II.

CONJUNCTIONS.

AN, (A.-S.) annan, unnan, to grant.

AND, from an-ad. AN, I grant, from (A.-S.) annan: ád means

pile or heap.-Horne Tooke.

As, (Ger.) es, it.

BECAUSE = by cause, by reason of.

BOTH, (A.-S.) butu, by twos.

BUT, (A.-S.) botan, to boot.—Horne Tooke; possibly bót, a correction. EXCEPT, (Lat.) excipere.

EVEN, (A.-S.) æfen; (Dan.) evenen, to smooth, to level.

EITHER, (A.-S.) ægther.

FOR, (Goth.) fairina, a cause; (A.-S.) for, on account of

EKE, (A.-S.) eacan, to add.

ELSE, (A.-S.) aly san, to dismiss, or alias (Lat.) otherwise.

IF, (A.-S.) gifan, to give. This derivation of Tooke's is questioned.

LEST, (A.-S.) leosan, to dismiss.

NEITHER = not either; vide supra, not one of two.

NOR, vide or, not other.

OR, (A.-S.) oder, oder, other.

SINCE = seeing that, (A.-S.) seon, to see.

So, (A.-S.) swa, from sægan, to say.-Tooke.

STILL, (A.-S.) stellan, to put.-Tooke. Stillan, to quiet.

THOUGH, ALTHOUGH, (A.-S.) thafigan, to allow.

THAT, (A.-S.) thicgan, to take.—Tooke.

UNLESS, (A.-S.) onlys an, to dismiss.

WHETHER, (A.-S.) hwaether, which of two.
YET, (A.-S.) getan, to get.

Horne Tooke's theory is that conjunctions, prepositions, and adverbs
are originally parts of verbs, chiefly imperative moods: e. g. if means
give.

CHAPTER III.

PREPOSITIONS.

ABOVE, a=on. (A.-S.) bufan=be-ufan; from ufa, lofty. ABOUT, (A.-S.) abutan on boda circum; boda = extremity. AFTER, (A.-S.) æfter, comparative of æft; (Dan.) efter, behind. AGAINST, (A.-S.) ongean, to meet.

AMONG, (A.-S.) a = on, mongan, or mengian, to mingle.

ATHWART, (A.-S.) thweorian (according to Horne Tooke), to twist,

to oppose. AT, (A.-S.) æt, at.

BEHIND, (A.-S.) hindan.

BELOW, (A.-S.) licjan, to lay or lie.

BENEATH, (A.-S.) neothan, beneath.

BETWEEN, (A.-S.) be-twegen, by twos.

BEYOND, (A.-S.) bigeond be passed; geond from gangen, to go; whence, yond, yonder.

BUT be out, (A -S.) bútan, to be out.

Down, (A.-S.) dufan, to sink.

ERE, ERST, (A.-S.) œr, er, before.

FOR, (Goth.) fairina, cause. (A.-S.) for, on account of.

FORE, (A.-S.) foran, before.

FROM, (A.-S.) frum, the beginning.

IN, (A.-S) in. Tooke says from inna=viscera?

MIDST, (A.-S.) mid. In composition=with (Lat.) medius.

OF, (A.-S.) of; (Goth.) af-ara, posterity.

OFF, probably the same word as of, with a different application.

ON, (Goth, ana; A.-S. on), is of unsettled etymology.

OUT, (A.-S.) ut, utan. Tooke derives it from a word outa=skin? ROUND, (A.-S.) rond = border; also (Lat.) rotundus.

OVER, (A.-S.) ófer; Gr. væép.

head.

Tooke supposes ufa means top or

THROUGH, (Goth.) dauro, a door or passage. (A.-S.) thurh.