To, (Germ. thun), means to do; hence Tooke considers to equivalent to the end.

TOWARDS, (A.-S.) wardian, to look at; as if, to look to the end. TILL, UNTIL. While a time. Till is a corruption of to-while-to a time. UNTIL means on till.

UNDER. Tooke, resolves this into on neder; neder inferior.
UPON (A.-S.) abufan. See above, upon.

WITHOUT, (A.-S.) withutan, to be out of.
WITH, (A.-S.) withan, to bind.

CHAPTER IV.

ADVERBS, &c.

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1. The four adverbial prefixes are a, al, be, to. The signification of these is a=on, al=all, be=by, to the or this. The four adverbial suffixes are ly, wise, ways, wards. These mean respectively, ly like, wise manner, ways=direction, wards from ward = looking at.

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2. ABOARD, on board.

ADRIFT, (A.-S.) drífan, to drive; on the drive.

AGHAST, (A.-S.) gast, geist; whence ghost, on the gaze.

ALOFT, (A.-S.) luft air, on the air.

ASKEW, (Dan.) skiæver, to twist.

ASKANT, (Dutch), schuins, wry, oblique.

ASTOUND, (Fr.) étonner, astonish.

Asunder, (A.-S.) sundrian, to separate, whence' sand.'

AWAY, (A.-S.) on-wæg, on the way.

AWHILE, (A.-S.), on a time.

AWRY, (A.-S.) writhan, to writhe.

ATWIST, (A.-S.) twisan, from twa two, to twist.

ATHWART, (A.-S.) thweorian, to twist.

ALREADY all-ready, (A.-S.) rædian, to prepare.

ALONE all-one.

ANON-in one, (instant).

BUT, as an adverb, means only.

ENOUGH, (A.-S.) genogan, to satisfy.

EVER, (A.-S.) æfre always.

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FAIN gladly, (A.-S.) fægnian, to rejoice.

FORTHWITH, forth+with without delay; foris-out of.

INSTANTLY, (Lat) in stare, urgently.

IMMEDIATELY, (Lat.) in=not, medius=middle, no middle thing intervening.

FORSOOTH = utterly, sooth; i.e. true. Truth, what a man troweth; sooth, what a man sayeth.

LIEF, (A.-S.) lufian, to love.

Lo, (A.-S.) lá, whence vulgarly law and lawk.
MERELY, (Dutch) maar, but, only, no more than.

NAY, (A.-S.) na, formerly answered affirmative questions; as,
Will he come?—Ans. Yea or Nay.

NEVER, (A.-S.) næfre, na=not, æfre=ever.

No, (A.-S.) no; (Sw.) nödig=averse, answered negative questions; as, Will he not come ?-Ans. Yes or No.

Now, (Goth., A.-S., Dan.), nu; Lat. nunc; Gr. võv, written formerly nouthe.

NOWADAYS = now of days, or now on, i.e. in these days.

OFT, (A.-S., Ger.) oft, possibly from ofestan, to hasten.
OFTEN,

ONCE, an old genitive form for on-es; so twi-es, thri-es, &c. ONLY one like.

PERHAPS, per through; haps chances, from (A.-S.) habban. QUICKLY quick-like, (A.-S.) cwician, to make alive.

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QUITE, from verb to quit, i.e. to leave quietly; Lat. quietus.
RATHER, comparative of (A.-S.) rathe, swift, early.

SCARCELY, (Dutch) skears, unfrequent.

SOON, properly means ad primam vesperam (A.-S.) sona.

STARK, (Germ.), really means strong.

THUS, possibly from (A.-S.) thes, gen. of that.

Too, strengthened form of to, q.v.

TO-MORROW, To-day=the morrow, this day; morrow from (A.-S.)

myrran, to dissipate (night).

VERY, (Fr.) vrai; (Lat) verus, true.

YES, (A.-S.) gese, visibly. (Fr.) ayez.

YEA. See above, Nay, No.

YESTERDAY, (A.-S.) gestrinan, to acquire, and dæg, a day.

CHAPTER V.

ABSTRACT DERIVED NOUNS.

These, Horne

1. The first class of these nouns ends in d or n.
Tooke supposes to be really participles or adjectives.
BRAND=brenn'd, i.e. burnt, from (A.-S.) byrnan, to burn.
BLIND = blinn'd, from (A.-S.) blinnan, to stop, to cease.

BREAD=brod, from (A.-S.) breowan, to brew.

* COWARD=cower'd, from to cower down.

CUD=chew'd, from (A.-S.) ceowan, to chew; hence cow and jaw. DASTARD=dastr'd, from (A.-S.) dastrigan (?), to terrify.

FIELD=felled, i.e. trees; to fell, i.e. make to fall.

FLOOD, LOUD=flow'd and low'd; ex. the 'lowing' herd.

HEAD=(A.-S.) heafod, hebban, to heave, or lift up.
Odd=owed, i.e. one due, to make even.

SHRED, SHERD, i.e. (A.-S.) scýrian, to sheer or cut.
WILD=willed, i.e. self-willed.

FIEND fiand, (A.-S.) fian, to hate.
FRIEND=freond, (A.-S.) freon, to love.

BENT bended.

DRAUGHT, (A.-S.) dragan, to draw.

GAUNT, (A.-S.) gewanian, to wane.

HAFT=haved=hav'd, from to have or hold.

HILT, by which the sword is held.

MALT, MOULD, (Fr.) mouille, from mouiller, to moisten; or (O. N.) maltr=rotten.

* Wedgewood gives (Lat.) cauda, (Wallon) cow, the tail, possibly referring to the picture of a terrified animal crouching with his tail between his legs.

TILT, (A.-S.) tilian, to raise.

TWIST, (A.-S.) twynan, to twist.

WANT, WANE. See gaunt, supra.

BACON, (A.-S.) bacan, to bake; possibly from buchen, or beechen, belonging to the beech tree.

BARREN barred, or stopped up.

BEARN born into life.

CHURN, (A.-S.) cýran, to turn; whence also, according to Tooke,

chair, car, chariot, &c.

CRAVEN one who has craved his life.
DAWN, (A.-S.) dagian, to grow light.
HEAVEN, (A.-S.) hebban, to lift up.
LEAVEN, (Fr.) lever, to raise.

STERN stirred part; (A.-S.) styrian, to move.

to steer.

(A.-S.) stýran,

YARN, (A.-S.) gearwan, to prepare by spinning.
BRAWN boaren made of pig. Taylor, in his Words and Places,

derives the word from Braun, a German who lived but recently!
This derivation is disposed of by Ps. cxix. 70: 'Their heart
is as fat as brawn.'

2. The second class of these abstract derived nouns consists of those which end in th. According to Tooke these are really third persons singular, present tense, of verbs. It should be observed, however, whether this be true or not, that such words as smith, youth, &c. end in 'th' in A.-S. and are nouns in A.-S.

ALE aloth, it inflameth, (A.-S.) ælan, to inflame.

BIRTH= beareth, (A.-S.) beran, to bear.
BROTH breweth, (A.-S.) breowan, to brew.
LENGTH=lengeth, (A.-S.) lengian, to prolong.
BREADTH=brædeth, (A.-S) brædan, to widen.
DEPTH dippeth, (A.-S.) dippan, to plunge.
HEIGHT=heafeth, (A.-S.) hebban, to raise.
DEARTH = deareth, (A.-S.) derian, to hurt.

DROUGHT=drugoth, (A.-S.) drýgan, to expel, to dry, whence drone,

drain.

EARTH eareth, (A.-S.) erian, to plough.

FILTH defileth, (A.-S.) fylan, to pollute.

GIRTH girdeth, (A.-S.) gyrdan, to surround.
GROWTH groweth, (A.-S.) grówan, to grow.
HARM=harmeth, (A.-S.) hærman, to injure.
HEALTH=healeth, (A.-S.) helan, to cover up.
KNAVE=nafath, (A.-S.) nabban, to have not.
LIGHT lighteth, (A.-S.) leohtan, to lighten.
MATH=mayeth, (A.-S.) magan, to be able.
MIRTH=myrreth, (A.-S.) myrran, to dissipate.

MURTHER; from the same verb, also morning and morrow.
MONTH=Mooneth.

MOUTH, MOTH, (A.-S.) metian, to feed; whence also meat.
RUTH=rueth, (A.-S.) hreowan, to bewail.
SHEATH=sheadeth=shadeth, (A.-S.) sceadan, to shade.
SIGHT=Seeth, (A. S) seon, to see.

SLOTH sloweth, (A.-S.) slawian, to become slow.

SMITH Smiteth, (A.-S.) smitan, to smite.

STEALTH stealeth, (A.-S.) stelan, to steal.

STRENGTH=strengeth, (A.-S.) strangian, to be powerful.

TILTH-tilleth, (A.-S.) tilian, to lift up.

TOOTH tuggeth, (A.-S.) teogan, to tug.

TRUTH=troweth; I trow not (A.-S.) truwian, to believe firmly.

WARMTH=warmeth, (A.-S.) wearman, to warm.

WEALTH Wealeth, (A.-S.) welegian, to enrich.