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bungalow will not be built on the campus proper. The fulfillment of its purpose, which is to serve as a headquarters for all the women of the university, will nevertheless be accomplished by its being located just across the street from the campus grounds.

When the new main building at the Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College is completed that institution will have one of the finest structures in the State. The building, which is being constructed of reinforced concrete, will be fireproof. The total cost will be $200,000. The structure is 260 feet long and 85 feet wide. All of the administrative offices will be housed in this building and there will be about sixty section

rooms located there. It is to be a fourstory structure and will also be provided with a basement. Work is being rushed, and it is expected that it will be ready for occupancy before the opening of school next September.

The new Lewis Academy, which is to be erected this year on the campus of the College of Emporia, at Emporia, Kan., will cost $20,000. The building will be built with half of the money received by the sale of the old Lewis Academy building at Wichita. The college trustees realized $40,000 from the Wichita building. Twenty thousand dollars will go toward the new building and the rest will be added to the endowment fund.

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Educational News in Brief

OW many vocations are open to women today, in comparison to the narrow field to which they were limited a few years ago, was shown at the second annual vocational conference, held at the University of Wisconsin recently. The purpose of the conference was to show young women students who had no inclination or gift for teaching what other lines. of work they might enter. Nine women of national prominence, representing as many different professions were. the speakers at the conference. A feature of the meeting, which extended over two days, was the private consultations given by each speaker on the program to young women desiring to enter one of the professions represented.

A new plan for the promotion of industrial education in Illinois has the support of many influential organizations. The school bill, as prepared by a conference of these organizations, provides that vocational training shall be furnished through the present school organization, as outlined by

Mrs. Ella Flagg Young, Chicago superintendent of schools. Under the conference bill plan the state will pay fifty per cent of the cost of vocational training, which shall be provided not only in city schools, but in country districts, where agricultural classes will be conducted. It is estimated that state aid for vocational training will amount to about $1,000,000 a year.

The Buffalo, N. Y., Chamber of Commerce is leading in a movement to organize vocational training and vocational guidance in direct connection with the industrial, educational, and social needs of the city. Under the leadership of the chamber a committee composed of business men, school men, and social workers is making a preliminary survey of the city, preparatory to mapping out a definite program. The work is under the immediate supervision of E. W. Weaver, vocational director of the Brooklyn Boys' High School.

The vote taken by 12,000 male and 6,000 female school teachers in London

over the question of equal pay resulted in an overwhelming majority against the proposal. Curiously enough, most of the women voted against the proposition.

A scheme of systematic Bible study, by which the Bible may be adjusted to the developing interests of the youth, and by which the Bible may be made to occupy a more prominent place in America, was outlined by Dr. Philander P. Claxton, United States Commissioner of Education, in an address before University of Pennsylvania students. "The Bible is not read in the United States as it should be and as it once was," declared Dr. Claxton. "It has gone out of the public school and its systematic study has gone out of the church. The young men and women of today are deplorably ignorant of the Holy Book. Leave out all religious significance and you will still find the Bible one of the greatest works of the world." Dr. Claxton deplored Dr. Claxton deplored the international lesson scheme, which, he said, breaks up the Bible into fragments and lessens its value. "Fragmentary teaching leads astray. We must recognize in the division of the books of the Bible a unity of the a unity of the whole," he said.

Daily selections from the Bible are to be read at the opening sessions of the Richmond, Va., public schools hereafter, according to a resolution adopted by the City School Board. The custom of reading selections of scripture at the opening of school sessions is said to have been general some years ago, but after some discussion in the School Board was left optional with the teachers, who have in some instances retained it, and in other dropped it. It is reported the board has now made the reading compulsory.

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increases reported by the state high school inspector are: Enrollment, 46 per cent increase during the year; daily attendance, 47 per cent increase; length of average term, ten days more than the year before; and teachers, 65 per cent more. In the meantime the average cost of high school tuition has been reduced from $4 to $3.96 per month.

Cincinnati has tried compulsory vocational training and is well satisfied with the result. The boys and girls did not like it at first, apparently because of the compulsory feature, but now seem to take to it with enthusiasm. The school authorities have had the hearty co-operation of the manufacturers in the work.

The school system of Boise City, Idaho, was recently reorganized on the basis of a careful survey of the city's needs made by a committee of educational experts. So well satisfied were the people of the city that a number of them came to Superintendent Meek and offered him 160 to 300 acres of land and half a million dollars if he would go further and develop the local high school into an industrial city college.

The International Institute for Girls in Spain is to offer a normal course the coming year. This addition to the curriculum is arranged in response to a demand from students who desire to take the Government examination and obtain the certificate that qualifies to teach in the secondary schools. In line with the general advance in education now prevailing in Spain, the Government has raised the salaries of teachers and also the standard of equipment. Whereas five years ago the teachers in Spain were recruited from the poorest classes, there is now a strong middle-class movement toward the teaching profession, which furnishes by far the best outlook offered to self-supporting women in this country. The result is that the normal schools, poorly attended five years ago, are now over

crowded and applications from very desirable students are coming to the International Institute.

Thirteen American universities will send delegates to the University of Wisconsin in May to attend the second annual convention of Theta Sigma Phi, the honorary national journalistic fraternity. The convention is to be held May 2 and 3, under the auspices of the Wisconsin chapter. The universities of Kansas, Michigan, Ohio, Virginia, De Pauw, Washington, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Missouri Denver and Oregon will send representatives. Former Gov. Chase Osborne, of Michigan, honorary president of the Fraternity, will be one of the speakers.

A resolution protesting against the discrimination against married women as teachers was passed by the Council of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae in Chicago last month. The resolution will be transmitted to all colleges in the organization, and its framers expect it to have effect in other lines of endeavor where women are employed. The next meeting of the association will be in Philadelphia in March,

1914.

Compulsory school bathing is enforced in the German cities of Gotha and Heilbronn. In Gotha children who cannot afford bathing suits are supplied with them by the school.

A list of accredited high schools of the South is to be made out by the Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools of the Southern States in order to stimulate the high schools to maintain high standards. It is intended that the "Southern List" shall be an honor list of schools for the entire section.

The city of Breslau, Germany, has a new "school museum," where the best things in educational progress are shown for the benefit of the public. On the first floor are exhibits of school architecture, school furnishings, hygi

ene and statistics, mathematics, physics and chemistry, and a testing room for scientific apparatus used in the school. On the second floor are busts of wellknown educators of the past-Comenius, Pestalozzi, Diesterweg, and Froebel; exhibits showing the teaching of religion, history, language, geography, astronomy, natural history and industrial economics, and the library. Above are the exhibits of manual training and domestic science; of auxiliary schools, kindergarten, and instruction of the blind; of drawing, singing, and physical training; and a large hall containing examples of school work from Germany and other lands. The Breslau school museum is one of fifteen permanent educational expositions established in the German Empire since 1904.

Seventeen hundred children in Dayton, Ohio, tilled backyard gardens, each 10 by 25 feet, last year, under the supervision of the Dayton Parks and Playgrounds Association, and not only provided fresh vegetable for home use, but in many cases sold the produce for enough to buy text books and other school supplies.

Prof. William McPherson, dean of the Graduate School and professor of chemistry of Ohio State University, has been granted leave of absence for the second semester of the current He has sailed for Germany, year. where he will spend the next six months in research work in chemistry.

The "school republic" or "school city" has been introduced into the Alaskan native schools by order of the United States Commissioner of Education, for the purpose of preparing the natives for citizenship.

Mississippi has built 27 county agricultural high schools in the past two years at an average cost of $30,000 per school. These schools furnish board and dormitory facilities for $5.50 per month, and the boys and girls are paid

a certain amount per hour for the work they do, so that in most cases the expense to the pupil is reduced to about $3 per month

In a recent comparison between pupils in a closed-window schoolroom and those in an open-window room in Philadelphia, it was found that the open window class surpassed the others in almost every test. The temperature of the closed schoolroom averaged 68 degrees, while for the open-window room is was 47 degrees.

Students of the New York State Library School are compelled to spend one month in practice work in any library they select in the United States.

James Bryce, British ambassador to the United States, was last month made the first honorary member of the Academy of Political Science of

Columbia University. The membership was conferred by Nicholas Murray Butler, president of the university, in making known the true feeling of the institution. In his address, President Butler told Mr. Bryce, who is to retire from the ambassadorship, that he would be allowed to depart from the country only on condition that he continue his writings. Ambassador Bryce, in reply, said it was his great ambition to devote his remaining strength to the task of elucidating the phenomena of life. In conclusion, he said: "When I return home there will be nothing nearer to my heart than to be useful in making known the true feeling of the American people toward the people of Great Britain. It is the feeling that the United States and Great Britain should walk hand in hand and I have come to realize more and more, the longer I have been here, that that is your-feeling."

Ruskin College at Oxford

XFORD University is housed in twenty-seven colleges dotted about the ancient city in the heart of southern England. There is no more beautiful collection of ancient architecture surviving to this day and filling modern uses. The history of about nine hundred years is written in these grey stone colleges and halls.

Among these ancient colleges of stone there stands one of red brick that holds a hundred students. It is but fourteen years since it was founded in honor of John Ruskin, one of the many famous men who loved Oxford as their alma mater. The founder was Walter Vrooman, an American. The new buildings just finished were opened on Washington's last birthday.

To have been graduated from Oxford University has been the hall mark of two hundred generations of students, most of whom belong to the aristocracy

of England. Ruskin college was built as "a message from the people of America to the working men of Great Britain." The gift was accepted by and on behalf of plain working men, who were ready enough to give up four years of their life for the higher learning that was there opened to them. They go in and out, shoulder to shoulder, with the sons of the aristocracy, meeting and companying with them on terms of complete equality, both of them so giving testimony to the essential democracy of the England of today.

Ruskin College receives from its students only fifty-two pounds sterling for the college year of forty-four weeks, and gives them board, residence and education. According to the deed of foundation the course of study covers social and economic subjects, with history, English composition, and courses

of lectures on current social and polit- of Ruskin College. The professors are

ical questions.

Many of the students have passed examinations and have graduated in the school of economics in the university. In the last three years, of the 52 men who entered examinations for the diploma 28 had been students of Ruskin College. Twenty-six passed successfully and 16 obtained distinction.

Dr. Slater is the principal. He is, as he should be, an enthusiast for the training of working men on the lines

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recognized authorities on their several from the ground up. What becomes subjects, and the education is thorough, of your men, Dr. Slater was asked. "Many become teachers or lecturers at the various working men's educational institutions. Some have written books on economic or social subjects and made names and positions for themselves. Many, however, go back to their former work as mechanics and so on, carrying the inspiration of higher ideals into their old surroundings."

Latin American Universities

IX universities in Latin-American countries were established before the first one in the territory that afterwards became the United States, according to a bulletin by Dr. E. E. Brandon, who shows that the universities of Mexico and Lima were founded in 1551; Santo Domingo, 1558; Bogota, 1572; Cordoba, 1613, and Sucre, 1623.

Just as in colonial New England, the teaching of theology was the original purpose of the universities in Spanish. America. The church was the prime

mover in their establishment.

Civil

and canon law were both taught, but the latter predominated. There was usually a professorship of medicine in these universities, but the most important faculty was that of theology. These colonial universities were also clerical in their government; the professors were almost exclusively members of the priesthood.

Another group of Latin-American universities sprang into existence in the era of independence, typifying a developing sense of national unity. unity. Among such are the University of Buenos Aires (1821), the University of Trujillo in Peru (1831), the University of Arequipa (1835), and the institution at Medellin in Colombia (1822). In Brazil the university idea did not at first find favor; instead independent

professional schools for medicine and law were established.

In modern times there has been a remarkable development of higher education in Spanish-American countries. "There is an unmistakable tendency in Latin America to increase the number of higher educational institutions," says Dr. Brandon, "although conditions economic and otherwise do not

always warrant the new foundations. New centers of population are zealous to complete their attractiveness by adding a university to their civic advantages. The national barriers that divide many South American countries into distinct regions and the very great difficulties of travel and communication between the capital and the provinces have sometimes led to the establishment of minor universities when the total university population and the financial conditions of the country were inadequate to support more than

one.

"The support of these provincial universities is a severe burden on the national treasury and presents disadvantages of an educational order, but the regions they serve are remote from the chief university center of their respective countries and their suppression would entail great hardship on the youth that frequent them. In many cases it would be a national misfortune."

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