lief in jinn, their fast of Ramadhan, the fierceness of their fanaticism, and the graciousness of their hospitality, all bear traces of nomad life. "There is the determination of the starving in all desert life; the first law of the desert is the law of endurance and abstinence." Speaking of the endurance of heat and cold and fatigue among the nomads who inhabit the salt desert of Lop in Central Asia, Ellsworth Huntington writes:

"Such intensity is often supposed to be a result of Mohammedan fanaticism and fatalism. More probably it is the result of life in the desert. There none succeed except those who, though often lazy and dilatory, are capable at times of becoming almost monomaniacs, fanatics, animated by the will to do some deed in spite of heaven or hell."

The Moslem children who live in Persia, Afghanistan, Arabia, Northern India, Tibet, Chinese Turkestan, and Asiatic Russia, as well as those of Tripoli, Tunis, and the great Sahara region, are born and brought up in this nomad environment. "The people," as Huntington remarks, "are varied, the fierce Afghan being as different from the sycophant Persian, as is the truculent Mongol from the mild chanto of Chinese Turkestan. Yet in spite of all this, not only the physical features of the country, but the habits

and character of its inhabitants, possess a distinct unity; for all alike bear the impress of an arid climate;" and, we may add, the impress of an arid religion-Islam.

Two main types of civilization are found in these countries: the nomad life of a scattered and sparse population; and intensive agriculture in irrigated oases, which have become centres of population and where we find small cities. Our illustrations of the Bedouin children in Arabia, and of the naked lads sporting in the sand, are typical. The description given by Rev. A. D. Dixey of conditions in Baluchistan applies equally to Arabia and Southern Persia:

"The vast majority of these people are nomadic in their habit, wandering from plain to mountain or vice versa, according to the season of the year. During the winter their goat's-hair tents or grass huts are to be seen everywhere where water exists. Their wealth consists in land, camels, goats, sheep, donkeys, horses, and occasionally a few oxen. During the seasons of their migration it is an interesting sight to see the Bolan Pass. The whole pass is filled with one continual procession of Brahuis, their families, their flocks and herds. Here may be seen a loaded camel with a woman and one or two children seated on top, while several fowls, tied with pieces of string to different loads, are flapping their wings and endeavouring