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Notes on Ceremonial.

CHAPTER I.

CHORAL CELEBRATIONS OF THE HOLY EUCHARIST.

ARTICLE I.

PREPARATIONS IN THE VESTRY AND AT THE ALTAR.

I.

N THE VESTRY.—The vestments for the priest will be laid out in the centre of the table; first the chafuble with the front part downwards, and on it the maniple. Over these the cope, ftole, girdle, alb, amice.

Right and left of thefe, on the fame table, will be arranged the vestments for deacon and sub-deacon.

2. On a shelf, or other convenient place, will stand the chalice, with purificator, paten, veils, and burse; also the cruets for wine a and water, the box of breads,b and a small napkin for use when the priest washes his fingers. At a Missa Cantata the cruets, breads, and napkin would be on the credence table.

a It is important to use found and genuine wine. Claret, or wine of a similar character, is preferable to any thick fyrupy wines; and preparations of unfermented grape-juice, even if genuine, are not wine. The natural juice freshly preffed from the grape may be used in cafes of neceffity; "fi neceffe fuerit botrus in calice exprimatur

et fane muftum jam habet fpeciem vini ut ait S. Thomas" Aquinas.-Scavini's Theologia moralis, vol. iii. p. 95. But, to quote the Margaret Street Conference A.D. 188081, "A diftinction must be drawn between the natural juice freshly preffed from the grape, and the compounds now fold as 'non-alcoholic' or 'unfermented' wines. The reason why the former may be allowed, is because it is potentially wine, and, so to fpeak, a child-wine, and would become true wine if given time. But the principle of wine has been killed in the latter cafes, so that the artificial fluids in question not only are not wine, but never can become wine, and are therefore invalid matter. The statement that the Jews employ unfermented wine at the Passover is contrary to fact. They could not have employed it in our Lord's time, because the process of arresting fermentation during fo long an interval as that between the vintage and the Paffover was unknown until very lately; and the Passover cup is now of naturally fermented grape wine, carefully watched from the grape to the bottle to provide against accidental admixture from without."-Ritual Conformity, p. 49, 2nd ed.

b Wafers of pure unleavened bread may be obtained, plain or stamped, from the fifters of S. Margaret, of East Grinstead, from their branch house in London, at 32, Queen Square, Bloomsbury, W.C.

I

Unleavened bread is thus made: To 1 lb. of flour add 10 drops of fweet falad oil and 7 oz. (i.e. 14 table-spoons full) of cold water; mix into a paste in a basin; then knead heavily on a wooden trencher for half-an-hour till the dough, when cut, is smooth and free from holes; bake in an oven of moderate heat for about three-quarters of an hour; when it feels folid and small cracks appear at the bottom it is done. If the bread has holes in it, it was not fufficiently kneaded. The very best white flour, fuch as is used by confectioners, fhould always be obtained, either that known as "Spanish whites," or elfe "Hungarian flour."

3. Other things to be in readiness are, a processional cross, two candlefticks with candles for the candle-bearers, a cenfer, incense boat, and heated charcoal.

4. On the altar will be placed the book-desk, with the Miffal open at the commencement of the Communion Service. The book-defk will be parallel with the edge of the altar, and will stand between the centre and the fouth d end of the altar.

5. On the credence table will be the book of the Epiftles, the ciborium if it be needed, a small dish or plate of metal or glass for use when the priest washes his fingers. The hand-bell will be placed near the credence table when preparing for a High Mafs. (See No. 102.)

N.B. The credence table for use during service should always be on the south side of the sanctuary, and if poffible east of the fedilia. It may have on it a linen cloth.

ARTICLE II.

DIRECTIONS CONCERNING THE PROCESSION.

6. In proceffions every one fhould be careful to preferve the fame space between himself and the perfon in front of him. This space should not be less than three feet.f It is most desirable to take very short steps, and fo to avoid rolling from fide to fide. Care should also be taken not to swing the arms; if not carrying a book, the hands should be joined or folded in front.

7. At any time when two clerks have occafion to turn round together, they will turn inwards, facing one another as they turn. For instance, when a pair of men or boys, entering the quire from the fide, have bowed to the altar and turn round to walk away from it, he on the south fide will turn by his left, he on the north will turn by his right.

8. The proceffion before the principal Celebration on all Sundays and Doubles throughout the years starts from the quire (see No. 442), goes down the fouth aisle, up the centre, and back into the quire. If there is aisle round the chancel at the back of the ftalls and behind the high altar, the proceffion goes out of the north entrance to quire, turns to the right, passes behind the altar, and fo comes down the south aisle,h always turning towards the right, following the course of the fun. Penitential proceffions, on the contrary, turn to the left, "contra folis curfum et morem ecclefiafticum." (Annal. Eccl. Winton., quoted by Dr. Rock.) 9. The order of proceffioni at High Mafs is: (1) Vergers or churchd See No. 443.

• Le Vavaffeur, Cérémonial, A.D. 1871, vol. i, p. 391.

• Le Vavaffeur, vol. i. p. 391.

Le Vavaffeur, vol. i. p. 628.

neceffary.

"Trois ou quatre pas," and fhort fteps are

See No. 432; alfo Sarum Miffal in English, published by the Church Press Company; alfo Dr. Rock's "Church of our Fathers," vol. iv. p. 180.

h Dr. Rock, vol. iv. p. 182.

Sarum Proceffional; also Sarum Miffal, rubric for Holy Saturday and elsewhere; alfo fee No. 432.

wardens with rods, (2) boy in furplice carrying holy water, (3) crossbearer, (4) two candle-bearers abreaft, (5) thurifer and boat-bearer, (6) fub-deacon, (7) deacon, (8) celebrant, (9) choirboys, (10) choirmen, (11) deacons and priests, intending to fit in quire, in surplices and hoodsif they have birettas, they will carry them in their hands, (12) the bishop wearing his mitrej and with his pastoral staff in his hand, not carried before him.

10. The Roman rule about birettas, as given by Le Vavaffeur, is that "whenever a proceffion is made inside the church the clergy remain uncovered, with the exception of the celebrant and his ministers who wear vestments (qui font revétus d'ornements). These laft are covered, unless it is a proceffion of the Bleffed Sacrament or of a relic of the True Crofs. When the proceffion goes outside the church, all cover themselves as they go out." (Vol. i. pp. 348 and 629, ed. A.D. 1871.)

II. All those who fit in the quire fhould walk, not in pairs k shoulder to shoulder, but wide apart, so as to form two lines with an open space between.

ARTICLE III.

DIRECTIONS FOR THE CHOIR AT CHORAL CELEBRATION.

12. On entering the chancel from the west, each pair of boys and men bow flightly and reverently to the altar, and go to their proper feat, where they remain standing facing north and south.

13. When all are in their appointed ftalls, they at once begin the Officium, i.e., Introit. If for any reason there is a flight pause here, the organ fhould continue playing, and no one in the quire fhould kneel down or fit, but remain standing.

14. When the celebrant, standing at the altar, is about to commence the Our Father, and the congregation kneel down, the choir face east, but remain standing, and continue in that pofition till after the Collect.1

15. At the Epiftle all fit, and remain fitting m during any Gradual, Alleluia, Tract, or Sequence fung by cantors ftanding in the midst of the quire, except that on Festivals ranking as Doubles, and Sundays. within the octave of a Double, all stand up facing north and fouth for the Alleluia. Also, whenever the choir in the stalls have to commence finging with the cantors in the midst, they will stand to fing.

16. The choir stand and face east at the "Glory" before the Gospel and then turn towards the place where the Gospel is chanted.

J MS. Miffal in the poffeffion of the Editor.

k"Non bini et bini.' See No. 435.

1 66 'Et notandum eft quod omnes clerici converfi ad Altare stare tenenter.

ufque

ad Epistolam." "Miffale ad ufum infignis et præclaræ Ecclefiæ Sarum." Burntisland reprint, A. D. 1861, p. 586:

m Miffal in English, general rubrics, p. xxxix. Alfo Miffale Sarum, p. 586. n See No. 451.

• Miffal. Alfo in Sarum Gradual, "Chorus ad ipfum lectorem converfus continue dum Evangelium legitur."

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18. At the Offertory the choir stand facing north and fouth. incense is used, each row of men and each row of boys will bow before and after they are censed, in return to the thurifer when he bows to their row.

19. At the prayer for the "Church militant here in earth" the choir ftandr eastward.

During the Confeffion and Absolution they kneel.

At the Comfortable Words and Surfum Corda they ftands eastward. At the Sanctus and Benedictus they ftands eastward (except on ordinary week days and at funerals, when the whole choir kneel immediately after the Sanctus, and remain kneeling till they rife to fing the Agnust after the Confecration).

During the Prayer of Humble Access they kneel, rifing at the end with the celebrant.

20.

During the Confecration Prayer the choir stand facing the altar.u At the confecration of the Hoft all will bow w profoundly, bending down from the hips and remaining bowed till after the Elevation. The fame at the confecration of the Chalice. In making this "inclination" it will be desirable to cross the hands on the breast, as is directed for the celebrant at the Supplices Te rogamus in the Canon.

After the Confecration all stand eastward till the Blessing.

In the Gloria in excelfis, bow at the words "Glory be to God on

P Le Brun, in his Explication de la Messe, A. D. 1726, vol. i. p. 248, mentions that the Council of Cambrai, A. D. 1565, ordered that the Creed fhould not be fung to mufic unless it were "fimple without repetition, and fuch that it does not make it difficult to understand the words." Le Brun alfo mentions feveral other directions of fimilar import iffued by Provincial Councils, and Chapters General of religious Orders.

a Miffal, rubric after Creed. Alfo Miffale Sarum, p. 587, where however the rubric is fuch that it may be construed to mean that the choir turned towards the altar only when they bowed. On this point Mr. J. D. Chambers fays, " At the beginning of the Nicene Creed and during the course of it each fhould turn and continue turned towards the altar."-Divine Worship, ed. 1877, p. 92. At the same time it is certain that fome of the later editions of the Gradual, following the practice apparently fanctioned in the Regiftrum Ofmundi diftinctly order the choir to face east at the first clause, and again during the three clauses "was incarnate. . . for us," and again at the laft clause, thus implying that they need not face eastward during the remainder. r Miffal, rubric after the Creed.

8 Miffal, rubric after the Creed. Also Miffale Sarum, p. 587.

t Miffale Sarum, p. 631.

"Omnes clerici poft offertorium ftant converfi ad Altare quoufque completur totum Officium Miffe."-" Miffels d'Angleterre et d'Ecoffe," quoted by De Moleon in the Voyages Liturgiques, p. 289, ed. 1718. Also nearly the fame words in the Confuetudinarium of Salisbury known as the Registrum Osmundi, § xvii, preserved at Sarum and reprinted by Dr. Rock at the end of his work entitled "Church of our Fathers." Alfo in Miffale Sarum, p. 631. "Preces in proftratione," to be said on certain ferial days when, contrary to ufual custom, "fiat proftratio a toto choro ftatim poft Sanctus."

w See No. 444.

X 66

Corpore inclinato et cancellatis manibus."- Missale Sarum, p. 618.

high," "we praise Thee," "receive our prayer," and "Thou only, O Christ," to the end.y

21. At the Bleffing all kneel, rifing again with the altar minifters and facing east.

22. In going out, the choir follow the celebrant in the fame order as they came in,2 the boys first next behind the altar ministers. Each pair of boys and men will bow together, to the altar, as they turn to leave.

23. During the service the choir sign themselves with the fign of the crofs at the giving out of the Gospel; at the beginning and end of both Creed and Gloria in excelfis;a at the Invocation before or after the fermon; in the Abfolution at the words "pardon and deliver you ;" and at the Bleffing.

At the Gospel a small cross should be traced first on the forehead, then on the breast.b At other times the fign is not made twice, but from forehead to breast, and then across.

CHAPTER II.

CELEBRATION OF THE HOLY EUCHARIST WITH DEACON

AND SUBDEACON, COMMONLY CALLED HIGH MASS.

ARTICLE I.

THE OFFICE OF CANDLE-BEARER AT HIGH MASS.

§ 1. General Directions.

24.

HE two candle-bearers fhould be as nearly as poffible of equal height. They must walk flowly and quietly. When carrying their candles, they must endeavour to hold them upright and at equal heights. The first candle-bearer, who is to be on the right-hand fide, in carrying his candlestick holds the centre knob with his right hand and with his left the foot; the second candle-bearer, who is on the left fide, holds the knob of his candlestick with his left hand and with his right the foot.

25. They should be careful to keep ftep in walking. In kneeling, rifing, bowing, putting down or taking up their candles and all such actions, they should be careful to see that they move together, "keeping time" with one another and with any other of the altar ministers with whom they may at the moment be acting.

y Miffale Sarum, p. 586.

z Missal in English, p. 321; also Dr. Rock, vol. iv. p. 196.

a Rubrics in Miffal.

b In accordance with the direction for the deacon, in the rubric, see No. 158.

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