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and the city into one, but made the city absolutel dependent and the adjunct of the port, and the la the sea, which increased the power and confide the people against the nobility; the strength state being now in its sailors and boatswains and

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Thus it was one of the orders of the thirty ty that the speaker's stand in the assembly at the

which had faced towards the sea, should be turned round towards the land; implying their opinion that the empire by sea had been the origin of the democracy, and that the farming population were not so much opposed to oligarchy.

Themistocles, however, entertained yet higher 20 thoughts, with a view to naval supremacy. For after the departure of Xerxes, when the Grecian fleet had come into Pagasa, where they wintered, Themistocles, in a public oration to the people of Athens, told them that he could tell them a design that would tend greatly to their interests and safety, but it was of such a nature, that it could not be made generally public. The Athenians ordered him to impart it to Aristides only; and, if he approved of it, to put it in practice. And when Themistocles had disclosed to him that his design was to burn the Grecian fleet in the arsenal of Pagasæ, Aristides coming out to the people, gave this report of the secret of Themistocles, that no proposal could be more politic or more dishonourable; on which the Athenians commanded Themistocles to think no farther of it. When the Lacedæmonians proposed, at the general council of the Amphictyonians, that the representatives of those cities which were not in the league, nor had fought against the Persians, should be excluded, Themistocles, fearing that the Thessalians, with those of Thebes, Argos, and others, being thrown out of the council, the Lacedæmonians would become wholly masters of the votes, and do what they pleased, supported the deputies of the cities, and prevailed with the members then sitting to alter their opinion in this point, showing them that there were but one and thirty cities

which had partaken in the war, and that most of these also were very small; how intolerable would it be, if the rest of Greece should be excluded, and the general council should come to be ruled by two or three great cities. By this chiefly he incurred the displeasure of the Lacedæmonians, whose honours and favours were 21 now shown to Cimon, with a view to raising up him as a rival in the state to Themistocles.

He was also burdensome to the confederates, sailing about the islands and collecting money from them. Herodotus says, that requiring money of those of the island of Andros, he told them that he had brought with him two goddesses, Persuasion and Force ; and they answered him that they also had two great goddesses to withhold them from giving him any money, Poverty and Impossibility. And Timocreon, the Rhodian poet, reprehends him somewhat bitterly for being wrought upon by money to let some who were banished return, while abandoning, for money's sake also, himself, who was his guest and friend. The verses are these: Pausanias you may praise, and Xanthippus he be for, For Leutychidas a third; Aristides, I proclaim,

From the sacred Athens came

The one true man of all; for Themistocles Latona doth abhor,

The liar, traitor, cheat, who to gain his filthy pay,

Timocreon, his friend, neglected to restore

To his native Rhodian shore;

Three silver talents took, and departed (curses with him) on his way,

Restoring people here, expelling here, and killing there,

Filling evermore his purse; and at the Isthmus gave a treat,
To be laughed at, of cold meat;

Men ate, and prayed the gods, to take their host, the sooner the
better, elsewhere

But after the sentence and banishment of Themistocles, Timocreon reviles him yet more immoderately and wildly, in a poem which begins thus,—

Unto all the Greeks repair

O Muse, and tell these verses there,

As is fitting and is fair.

The story is, that it was put to the question whether Timocreon should be banished for siding with the Persians, and Themistocles gave his vote against him. So when Themistocles was accused of intriguing with them, Timocreon made these lines upon him,

So now Timocreon, indeed, is not the sole friend of the Mede,
There are some knaves besides; nor is it only mine that fails,
But other foxes have lost tails.—

When his fellow-citizens had now begun to listen 22 willingly to those who traduced him, he was obliged to give offence by putting them in mind of the services he had performed, and would ask those who complained of him, whether they were weary with receiving benefits often from the same person. People also were ill-pleased by his building a temple to Diana, with the epithet, added by himself, of Aristobule*, as if to intimate that he had given the Best Counsel not only to the Athenians, but to all Greece. He built it near his own house, in the quarter of Melita, where now the public officers carry out the bodies of such as are executed, and throw the halters and clothes of those that are strangled or otherwise put to death.†

* Diana of Best Counsel, Aristo-búle.

+ Perhaps "of those who hang or strangle themselves.”

D

There is to this day a small figure of Themisto the temple of Diana of Best Counsel, which repr him to be a person not only of a noble mind, bu of a most heroic aspect. So at last the Ostra banished him, making use of the ostracism to h Themi his eminence and authority, as was their custom B.C. 471. all whom they thought too powerful, or by their

cism of

stocles,

23

Death

sanias,

ness disproportionable to the equality requisite popular government. For the ostracism was tuted not to punish offenders, but to relieve mitigate envious feelings, which find relief i humiliation of eminent men, and which, by this disgrace upon them, might vent some part of

rancour.

Themistocles being banished from Athens, wh stayed at Argos, the detection of Pausanias happ of Pau- which gave such advantage to his enemies, tha B.C.467. botes of Agraule, son of Alcmæon, indicted h treason, the Spartans also supporting the accus When Pausanias went about his treasonable desi concealed it at first from Themistocles, though he his friend; but when he saw him expelled out commonwealth, and how impatiently he took h nishment, he ventured to communicate it to hin desired his assistance, showing him the king of P letters, and exasperating him against the Greek villanous, ungrateful people. However Themi declined the proposals of Pausanias, and wholly r to be a party in the enterprise; though he never re his communications, nor disclosed the conspira any man, either hoping that Pausanias would from his intentions, or expecting that so inconsi

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