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The Chemical Society and the Organisation Movement.

occupation of a consulting and analytical chemist on a par with other recognised professions, i.e., to give it a legal status; to do as is done in the clerical, legal, and medical professions, viz., to prevent as far as possible persons who are not properly qualified to do certain work from being able to impose on the public generally, by obtaining (or at least endeavouring to obtain) suitable enactments preventing such persons from being able to give certificates admissible as evidence, and to enforce payment for their services: to establish by the general consent of those practising the profession a Board controlling professional malpractices, so as to take away the stigma which the existence of "high" and "low" analysts and the like have brought on chemists generally, and to establish an association which shall have the power to take such steps, as circumstances may from time to time render desirable, for the public welfare and the efficient discharge of the duties of the sanitary officer, the manufacturer, the analyst, and all the other citizens whose occupation necessitates a thorough knowledge of chemistry in some form or other. It has been objected that this is a "Trades' Union." So it is, in the same sense that the legal and medical organisations of this country, the Established Church, and many other institutions of repute are "Trades' Unions." An association of professional men (i.e., brain-workers) for the mutual advantage of the community at large, and of themselves, does in truth bear considerable resemblance in many respects to an organisation for the same purposes amongst handicrafts'-men: in fact, the chief distinction lies in the nature of the work done, mental versus bodily. These correlations and differences are embodied in the very term "Professional Association."

The establishment of a Professional Association of this kind, then, being the object to be aimed at, the question arises, What are the steps that should be taken in order to effect this object in the best way? I only propose here to deal generally with the broad question, "Should the Chemical Society, if practicable, be made the startingpoint for such an Association." As for the details, either of the plans proposed by the Council of the Society, or such other scheme as the Fellows generally may think fit to propound, they may be safely left to after-consideration when the subject comes (if it should come) before a general meeting of the Fellows.

The principal arguments on behalf of and against this broad question I take to be as follow:

Firstly for the Proposition.-It may be argued (1) that unity in the chemical world is a desideratum, and therefore a priori the Society should be the centre of the movement. The truth of this is incontestable, provided the nature of the Society permits of its being the centre of the movement, which is the point at issue.

(2.) Many persons think that the Society would be very likely to suffer in numbers, funds, and influence were an Association to be formed entirely disconnected from it, whilst the contrary would be the case were the Society intimately connected with the movement. This is a matter of probabilities and opinion. Many persons think, on the other hand, that no injury to the Society would accrue were the two entirely disconnected. Whilst many doubt if the Society, as a society of a scientific character, would be really permanently benefitted by being connected with a Professional Association.

(3.) Were an entirely separate "Institute " started there is at least a possibility of its opponents and rejected candidates endeavouring to form a rival association; and as the general public would not for a long time distinguish between the association of competent men and that of inferior ones, such a proceeding would to some extent hamper the movement: whereas, if the movement have its origin in the Society, successful rivalry on the part of an opposition would be, it is alleged, well nigh out of the question. It cannot be denied that there would be a great advantage if rival associations of imperfectly qualified men could be practically rendered impossible of formation; but as to whether the kind of development of the Chemical

CHEMICAL NEWS,
June 30, 1876.

Society which alone seems practicable under its Charter would be more or less efficacious in this direction than an independent association there is clearly room for much difference of opinion. Many with whom I am acquainted think that the imperfect character that any scheme working through the Society must necessarily possess would rather render opposition schemes more probable of initiation than would be the case were a more thorough independent association formed.

(4.) As a matter of policy, various influential men are supposed to be willing to forward a plan for organisation which might add to the power and influence of the Society, and more particularly of its Council, whilst they would either actively oppose, or at least hold aloof, from a movement not springing therefrom. Unfortunately, there appears to be considerable truth in this argument. Still, in the event of the majority of those interested in the question deciding that an independent association is on the whole preferable, even the active opposition of a few, however highly placed, could only delay and retard the development and progress of such a scheme, and would not suffice to frustrate it.

Secondly, against the Proposition.-It is alleged that (1), whether rightly or wrongly, a by no means inconsiderable number of Fellows of the Chemical Society are dissatisfied with its government and policy generally; the constitution and mode of election of its Council does not meet with universal approval, and there is, in consequence, a possibility of internal storms arising at no distant period. Under these circumstances, to connect itself with a movement of a most reforming character is a dangerous action on the part of the Society, its stability being thereby somewhat imperilled; whilst for the movement to ally itself with an institution the members of which are not in harmony is unwise, as it would seriously handicap the move

ment.

(2.) Under the Charter of the Chemical Society Fellows voting at the election of Officers and Council must be personally present at the annual election; proxy-voting and voting by letter are not possible. In the election of a Board of Management of a Professional Association it is manifest that every qualified man ought to have a right to vote whether he be bodily present or not.

(3.) The Charter of the Society, although enabling (in the opinion of eminent lawyers) more than one kind of Fellow to exist, would not admit of any other title being applied to the body of professionally competent men selected from the general body; so that these selected Fellows must be distinguished as "Professional Fellows" or" Practising Fellows," or in some analogous way. Now, firstly, it seems not at all unlikely that the general body of Fellows would refuse their assent to the establishment of such a selected class consisting of only a fraction of the total number of Fellows, on the ground that the others would thus be degraded to a lower level, and that this was not precisely the object they had in view in joining the Society. Secondly, it is open to question whether such a title as" Practising Fellow" would be sufficient to distinguish thoroughly the competent selected men from less thoroughly qualified individuals who might happen to possess the F.C.S.; in short, whether the chief practical object in view-viz., distinguishing sharply good chemists from indifferent ones-would be adequately effected in this way.

4.) Certain clauses in the Charter of the Society render it impossible that this Society should be developed into a Professional Association of the desired kind without altogether destroying its character as a Scientific Society, if indeed such development be at all possible. The Council of the Society (subject to the direction and control of the general meetings of Fellows at which every Fellow has a right to be present and vote) is the only committee or body which can "direct and manage the concerns" of the Society. Any sub-committee or Board appointed by the Fellows (or by the Council subject to their consent) must either be directly subordinate to the Council or to

discord and want of harmony would certainly be engendered and promoted. There still, however, remains the possibility of the Society giving up its present charter and applying for a new one empowering the Society to split itself up into two sections, Professional and Scientific, each section having its own Council, the one elected by the professional members only, the other by the general body of Fellows; and each section having supreme and independent control over the funds and general business pertaining to it. To this plan, however, there are the objections that almost perfect unanimity of opinion as to the desirableness of such a course must exist amongst the Fellows, and it is not very likely that this would be the case; whilst even if every existing Fellow desired it, it is very improbable that such a new charter would be granted.

the general body of Fellows, or both. New regulations ( plan would be assented to by the Fellows generally, and and bye-laws can only be made and established at General Meetings of the entire body of Fellows, and are only valid provided they are not inconsistent with the Charter (which, like most documents of the kind, is in various places susceptible of more than one construction). Consequently, supposing that a Committee or Board were appointed, either by the whole body of Fellows or by the Council subject to their consent, for the purpose of taking charge of the matters which would form the business of a Professional Association, the decisions of the Board could only be made subject to the approval of the Council, or of the whole body of Fellows, or both. The power and authority which such a Board must possess if it is to be at all efficacious as the executive of a Professional Association would not be possessed by the Board appointed through the Chemical Society. Such a Board would have no power over the funds subscribed by professional men for professional purposes. It could only recommend to the Council that the funds should be employed in such and such ways, and could not enforce their employment in these ways should the Council not see fit to act on their suggestions; and it could not prevent the Council (or at any rate a general meeting of Fellows) from appropriating these funds to wholly different purposes should a majority decide on abolishing or modifying the then existent bye-laws relative to these funds. Such a Board could not make regulations which must be obeyed by every professional man belonging to the Association. It could only recommend to the Council certain new bye-laws, and the Council could not ratify these without calling together a general meeting of the whole body of Fellows, so that the regulations of the Association would finally be subject to the approval of a body, the majority of which could not belong to the Association. Such a Board, indeed, could never have any permanent character, as its very existence would be entirely dependent on the assumption that at every future annual meeting the general body of Fellows were pleased to approve of its action, and to reappoint it for such a period as some special bye-law should state; and even the bye-laws to which the Board owed its existence might be revoked and altered at a future general meeting, and the whole class of Practising Fellows abolished.

One natural result which would spring from the establishment of such a Board would be that the Professional Fellows of the Chemical Society would combine together so as to alter the mode of electing the Council, and so to influence the elections as always would ensure the decisions of the Board being of necessity ratified so far as the Council could ratify them; in other words, the Council would become not the managing committee of a purely scientific society, but that of a professional association pure and simple. Alterations in bye-laws other than those relating to the constitution of the Council would be gradually introduced; intestine squabbles in the Society would be rendered imminent; and, finally, neither the Society nor the Association would be an institution of stability. From the point of view of the interests of the Society, it seems extremely undesirable that such a course should be adopted as will inevitably lead to disputes and revolutionary measures. The tendency towards the latter is already strongly marked, but is as yet only taking the direction of useful reforms. The importation into the question of other considerations, however, might tend to pervert reform into total anarchy.

The consideration of the foregoing arguments, Sir, has finally induced me to conclude that whilst it is possible for the Chemical Society, under its present charter, to make distinctions between those of its Fellows who are well qualified professional men and those who are not, it is impossible to carry out through the medium of the Society a scheme for the thorough organisation of the chemical profession, whilst the attempt at drawing such distinctions is a dangerous experiment for the Society to make, inasmuch as it is by no means certain that such a

On the whole, therefore, it is now tolerably clear to me that if a Professional Association of an effective character is to be originated, it must be apart from the Chemical Society. There then arises the question, Is it preferable that this Association should be wholly independent of any existing institution, or is it feasible to develope either the Chemical Section of the Society of Arts or the Society of Public Analysts into the required organisation? Many of the objections which apply to the general proposition of development of the Chemical Society would apply in these cases also. The Society of Public Analysts, moreover, has as yet hardly attained to such dimensions and favour in the eyes of the chemical profession as to render it a specially desirable nucleus, although in the event of its being clearly shown that an entirely independent institute would not best meet the views of the majority, it is quite possible that this Society might be rendered a more effective starting point than the Chemical Society promises to be.

In view of the approaching vacation and of the great interest which this subject has excited, it seems hopeless to expect that any definite conclusions will be come to by those interested in the subject before several months have passed: and indeed, precipitation in such a matter would be very unadvisable. But after those concerned have duly reflected on the various bearings of the subject, and have fairly weighed the different pros and cons so that each one may have looked well at the matter from as many points of view as possible, it is to be hoped that a definite scheme for the organisation and consolidation of the chemical profession will be arrived at, and that those who find themselves in the minority when a final division may be called for, will yield their own convictions for the general good, and that all will co-operate together to advance and perfect that plan which meets with the approval of the majority of those qualified to give an opinion on the subject.—I am, &c.,

CHARLES R. ALDER WRIGHT.

Scientific Club, 7, Savile Row,
June 25, 1876.

"PRELIMINARY NOTES" OF CHEMICAL RESEARCHES.

To the Editor of the Chemical News. SIR,-On page 324 of the Journal of the Chemical Society for 1874, there appears a "Preliminary note on Perbromates," by Mr. M. P. Muir, F.R.S.E., in which he states that an aqueous solution of perbromic acid may be easily obtained by the action of bromine on the hydrate of perchloric acid dissolved in water, and that this solution neutralised with potash deposits crystals of potassium perbromate. He also describes the formation of barium and copper perbromate, but in the communication there is not a single numerical quantity, reaction, or result of an analysis given. In the report of the last meeting of the Chemical Society in your journal of June 23, another preliminary note on the same subject

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was communicated by the same author, in which, if the report in your journal be correct, he says that he has not been able to prepare the salts in the manner he before stated, in fact a contradiction of the results published in 1874. Now credit must be given to the author for having at once acknowledged the inefficiency of the method, but at the same time this case is typical of certain others which have occurred previously, in which statements founded on insufficient experimental data have been communicated under the form of preliminary notes, and I think it is a matter deserving of consideration as to whether notes of this kind should be published in the Journal of the Chemical Society. It is not as if we had only one record of chemical progress, but there are both the Journal of the Society and the CHEMICAL NEWS, and if I may be allowed to express an opinion I certainly think that notes of the kind alluded to should be published in the abstract of the proceedings of the society given in your journal, but not in the Journal of the Society itself, especially when they contain no numerical result, and may be found necessary of correction at some future date. This matter would have passed without comment had it not been that an investigation of the perbromates was being commenced in the laboratory here; but this, in deference to the preliminary note in 1874 having been given up, much valuable time is lost.I am, &c., J. M. THOMSON.

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Improvements in the manufacture of chromates of potash and soda and their bichromates. J. White, Fleet Street, London. March 1, 1875.-No. 746. This consists in slaking lime with sulphate of potash in solution, and adding chrome ore to this mixture.

A new and useful improvement or process of smelting and refining copper ores and metallic copper. S. L. Crocker, Massachusetts, United States of America. March 2, 1875.-No. 768. This complete Specification describes a process which consists in adding zinc in snall quantity in a furnace to the copper ore or ores, or to the partially refined metallic copper therein containing arsenic and antimony, whereby these impurities can be readily removed.

Improvements in the method of and apparatus for the manufactare of glucose. S. H. Johnson, Lea Bank Works, Warton Road, Stratford, Essex. March 4, 1875.-No. 810. According to this Provisional Specification grain suitably impregnated with acid is treated with steam in such a manner that the steam may permeate a nongst the grain and so rapidly bring it to the temperature at which the conversion takes place.

A new or improved metallic alloy. A. M. Clark, Chancery Lane, Middlesex. (A communication from A. Le Marquand, Paris.) March 4, 1875.-No. 815. The invention relates to a new white metallic alloy or white metal, which is not liable to oxidation, composed of the following ingredients:

Pure copper

Pure nickel

Oxide of cobalt Tin

Pure zinc

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{CHEMICAL NEWS,

June 30, 1876.

An improved system of and apparatus for extracting mercury and other volatile metals from their ores. W. E. Newton, Chancery Lane, Middlesex. (A communication from H. Berrens, Paris.) March 10, 1875.-No. 894. The object of this invention is to precipitate or condense all the mercurial vapour that the uncondensable vapours (which accompany it from the furnace) alone shall escape into the outer air, while the vapour of mercury, together with such substances as water, tar, sulphurous acid, pyroligneous acid, or other condensable vapours, shall be found precipitated in the condenser. The sulphurous acid combines with the oxygen of the water, and is precipitated in the form of sulphuric acid.

Improvements in the manufacture of cast-steel ingots, and in apparatus for casting and rolling the same, parts of which are applicable to rolling iron. M. Scott, Sardinia Terrace, Glasgow, Lanark. March 5, 1875.-No. 816. This invention relates to the casting of steel ingots, and to rolling the same or wrought iron. For casting the ingots, a number of moulds are set round a central git on a wheeled platform with a spare mould for receiving overflow metal from the git. The git and moulds are divided longitudinally, the halves secured together by elastic rings driven on their taper exterior. The metal is run by a spout from the furnace into the git, whence it flows by firebrick runner pipes to the bottoms of the moulds. A slag box hinged on a truck with means of tipping it receives the cinder from the furnace after the moulds are filled, the spout being turned aside. The air-holes in the tops of the moulds are bellied, so that the ingot has a projecting head by which it can be conveniently lifted and moved. For consolidating ingots grooved rollers are used to give local squeezing by indenting the ingots with furrows, and then plain rollers for flattening down the ridges. To avoid the inconvenience of reversing or two-storied rolls, two sets of rolls are arranged end to end, one set a little in advance of the other, and are driven in opposite directions. The ingot or bar rolled in the one set of rolls is received on a cradle and transferred to the other set of rolls. The grooved rolls and arrangement and mode of operating with the two pairs of rolls are applicable in rolling wrought-iron.

NOTES AND QUERIES.

Our Notes and Queries column was opened for the purpose of giving and obtaining information likely to be of use to our readers generally. We cannot undertake to let this column be the means of transmitting merely private information, or such trade notices as should legitimately come in the advertising columns. Murcuric Iodate.-Allow me to add to the abstract of my paper on the above which is in last week's CHEMICAL NEWS the following:Mercuric iodate dissolves in 2 molecules of KBrNaCl and NH Clif the solution be boiling, and in 3 molecules in the cold. 4 molecules of KI dissolve 2 of Hg2ÏÖ ̧.-C. A. CAMERON.

TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Nuntius, Cantab, F.C.S., Chemicus, Beta, R. G., Chemist, J. B. W., and others. Owing to the extreme length of the Correspondence on the Chemical Society it has become necessary to exclude all letters which do not bear the names and addresses of the writers.

THE

QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE.

Edited by WILLIAM CROOKES, F.R.S., &c.

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rosolic, 19

sulphuric, industrial prepara-
tion of in South of France,
129

trichloracetic, 42

Acids, chromic and perchromic,
238

isomeric sulpho-salycilic, 19
nitronaphthyl-sulphurous and
their derivatives, 10
part played by in dyeing with
alizarin and its congeners, 42
two isomeric amido-cuminic, 75
sulpho-conjugated, new way of
preparing, 176
Ackroyd, W., metachromism, or
colour change, 60
selective absorption, 227
Adams, W. G., influence of light
and heat on electric con-
ductivity of selenium, 113
Ador, E., and A. Rilliet, constitu-
tion of benzin, 10

"Air and its Relations to Life"
(review), 73

Alabaster, calcareous, from Mex-
ico, 230

Albumen, restoration of, 140
Albumenoid bodies, 11
Albumenoids, constitution of, 10
Albuminates, det rmination of
nitrogen in, 261

Alcohol, cuminic, action of chlo-
ride of cyanogen, gaseous and
solid, upon, 75.
secondary hexylic, 43

vinic, detection of in mixtures,
180

Alcohols, aqueous, 53, 64

formula of, 174

Aldehyd of ethyl series, products

of action of chlorine and bro-
mine upon, 18
researches on, 54

Aldis, W. S., theory of balances,
114, 254

Alizarin and dibasic compounds,

122

artificial, dyeing with, 211
constitution of, 25, 37
isomerides, 233

Fart played by acids in dyeing
with, 42

Alkaloid from Jaborandi, its pla-

tinic compounds and their
formulæ, 256

Allard, E., transparence of flames
and of atmosphere, and on
visibility of scintillating fires,

10

Alldred, C. H., recessity for or-
ganisation among chemists,
178

Allen, A H., organisation among
analytical chemists, 94
Alumina, phosphates of, 43
Aluminium nitride, 238
"American Pharmaceutical As-

sociation, Proceedings of the"
(review), 199

Amato, D., action of chloral, an-
hydrous and hydrated, upon
aniline, 98

certain reactions of chloral,
761

Amide, paratoluylic, 75
Amides, formation of the, 107
Ammonia, action of on rosaniline,

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Aniline, difficulties in the pre-

paration of, 99
Aniline-black, 33, 254
electrolytic, 78

production of by means of salts
of vanadium, 65, 70, 116, 169
synthesis of, 64
Anthracen oil, treatment of, 99,
138, 168

Anthon, M., dextrin, 260
Anthrapurpurin, formation of, 61
Antimony pentachloride,

com-

pounds of with alcohols and
ether, 256
Aricin and kindred substances,
261

Armstrong, H. E., analysis of

potable waters, 106

aromatic substances, relation
between the chemical consti-
tution of and the colouring
power in, 198

gas evolved by the action of
metals on nitric acid, 255
metaxenol, 218

nomenclature of the carbon
compounds, 156

systematic nomenclature, 177
Arsenic, detection of in paper-

hangings and other combus-
tible matters, 161
separation of from sulphuric
acid, 74
Arsenical compounds,

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ready

means of detecting, 58
Artisans' and Labourers' Dwell-
ings Improvement Act" (re-
view), 137

Asbestos powder, 118
Asparagin, influence of upon sac-

charimetric assay, 191
Astringents, new process for de-
termining, 210
Atcherley, R. J., copper in bread, 7
Atmosphere, does mould deve-

loped in organic bodies assi-
milate the nitrogen of the?

10

temperature of elevated regions
of, 10, 18

transparence of, and of flames,

10

Atmospheric nitrogen, fixation of
by vegetable soil, 251
phenomena in Ceylon, 227
Atropins, study on, 242
Aymonnet, M., calorific spectra,

241

Andrews, T., certain methods of BACTERIA, putrefaction by
physico-chemical research,

188

Anethol, products of reduction of,
and probable constitution of,

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in alkaline nitrates, 262
Balance, Bunge's chemical, 242
Balances, theory of, 114, 254
Baltistini, A., poisonous nature

of extract of dead bodies
(human), 98

Bardy, C., detection of vinic alco-
hol in mixtures, 180
Barium, strontium, and calcium,
volatility of, 256

Barral, J., destruction of vege-
table matter mixed with wool,
18

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Beard, G. M., new phase of elec-
tric force, 73

Beckett, G., action of organic
acids and their anhydrides on
the natural alkaloids, 127
Becquerel, H., chemical actions

produced by means of dis-
charges from an induction
apparatus, 95
electrometer forces produced by
contact of liquids separated
by capillary diaphragms, 221
metallic reductions produced in
capillary spaces, 95
researches on rotatory magnetic
polarisation, 86

Beet, influence of defoliation of
on yield of sugar, 18
of different manurial elemen's
on growth of, and on its pro-
portion of sugar, 74
Belli, L., oxidation of carboni-
ferous compounds, 139
Bellucci, G., presence of peroxide
of hydrogen in juices of
plants, 75

production of ozone during the
nebulisation or pulverisation
of water, 211

Benger, F. B., "In absentia
degrees, 16

Benzene in rosin light oils, 199
Benzin, constitution of, 10
Benzol bisulphuric acids, 242
Benzyl- and methyl-selenium
compounds, 18

Berglund, E., imido-sulphonic
acid, 260

Bernard, C., formation of sugar
in the blood, and on the func-
tion of physiological glyca-
mia, 191
Berthelot, M., action of fuming
sulphuric acid upon the car-
bides of hydrogen, 64

of monohydrated sulphuric
acid upon alcohols, 74
con titution of phosphates, 9
E. Bourgoin's memoir entit ed
"Researches in the Succinic
Series," 170

ethers of the hydracids, 107
explosion of gunpowder, 129
formation of ethers, 95
hyposulphi e of po assa, 107
pyrogenous decomposition of
nitrate of ammonia, and on
volatility of ammoniacal salts,

210

researches on acetylen, 42
on aldehyd, 54

on pyrogenous carbides, and
on the composition of coal-
gas, 200, 210

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facturing

view), 207

Vanu-

Industries"

(re-

of

the

Bertrand, A., preparation
gaseous hydrobromic acid, 43
E., new mineral from
Pyrenees, 241
Biancon, J. J., new experiments
on the flexibility of ice, 251
Bicarbonates, absorption of by

plants in natural water, 138
Biliverdin, reactions of, 198
Birnbaum, M., action of animal
on ammoniacal
charcoal
Saits, 245

Bischof, G., analysis of potable |
waters, 106

C., products of action of hydro-
cyanic acid upon chloral and
croton-chloral, 18
Bismuth compounds, 199

method for estimating volu-
metrically, 39
perchiorate, 15

Blackley, J. G., new and conveni-
ent form of ureometer, 256
Blast-furnace, white fumes given
off by near Longwy, 138
Blondeax, C., ferments and fer-
mentations, 118, 262
Blood, coagulation of, 65

formation of sugar in. 191
part payed by carbonic acid in
coagulation of, 10
Blowpipe implements, 50
Blunt, T. P., estimation of minute
traces of copper, 7
Blyth, A. W., Dictionary of
Hygiene and Public Health"
(review), 127

Boillot, A., action of ozone upon
animal matter. 33

Bois baudran, Lecoq de, action of
zinc on solutions of cobalt,231
extraction of gallium from its
ores, 230

new researches on gallium, 193
spectrum of gallim, 35
Bolton, H.C., Papyrus Ebers: the
earliest medical work extant,
91, 110

Bonasch, A., action of animal
charcoal on ammoniacal salts,
245
Bondonneau, M., saccharification
of amy laceous matte's, 18
Borax, antiseptic properties of,
129, 241

use of stassfurtite in preparation
of, 260
Bouchotte M., transmission of
electric currents by deriva-
tion across a river, 221
Bourbouze, M., communications
at a distance by means of
watercourses, 170
Bourgis, A., constitution of the
elatinous substances, 74
researches on the constitution
of fibroin and of silk, 18
Boussingault, M., influence of
vegetable mould upon nitrifi-
cation of azotised substances
of organic origin used as
manure, 129
silicidation of platinum and
certain other metals, 148
vegetation of maize begun in an
atmosphere free from car-
bonic acid, 191
endowed
plants
calorophyll, 210
Bouty, M., distribution of mag-
netism in cylindrical bars, 221
Brain, chemical constitution of

not

with

the, 79
Braithwaite, W. and J., "The
Retrospect of Medicine" (re-
view), 40

Index.

Bread, blue colour produced in | Casamajor, P., blowpipe imple-

incineration of, 32, 36
copper in, 7

Brewer, J. W., active malic acid,
63

"British Manufacturing indus-
tries" (review), 207
Bromine, 244, 253

application in hydro-metallurgy,
assaying, and technological
chemistry, 97
determination of in organic
compounds, 117
products of action of upon al-
dehyd of ethyl series, 18
Bromoform, presence of in com-
mercial bromine, 97
Brothers, A., photography as ap-
plied to eclipse observations,
143

Bunsen's vacuum-pump, 73
Burls, removal of from wool and

cloth, 140

ma-

Burstynn, M., detection of oil of
turpentine or of rosemary in
oils for lubricating
chinery, 117
determination of quantity of
acid contained in fatty oils,
117

Butleroff, A., conversion of the

hydrocarbons of ethy lic series
into the respective alcohols,
139

CABOT, S., aniline-black, 254

Cesium and rubidium, atomic
weights of, 261
Calours, A, report on M. Bour-
goin's memoir entitled "Re-
searches in the Succinic

series, 170

by

researches on sulphines, 18
Cailletet, L., nature of mineral
substances assimilated
fungi, 251
Calcite, brown crystals of, 56
Calcium, analysis of

phosphate of, 133
new rays of, 166, 170
phosphates of 130
volatility of, 256'

mineral

Camacho, M., tubular electro-
magnets, 19

Cameron, C. A., mercuric iodate,
253.272

peroxide of hydrogen as a hair-
dye or bleacher, 16
Camphic acid, 65
Camphor and borneol, isomers of,
65
Cane-sugar, transformation of in

crude sugars and in sugar-
cane, 64
Cannel coals and jets, gases en-
closed in, 218
Capillary spaces, metallic reduc-

tions produced in, 95
Carbides, pyrogenous, and coal-
gas, 200, 210

Carbon compounds, nomencla-
ture of, 156

in meteorites, 196, 204, 215
dioxide, 237

amount of in air of sea-coast
places, 16
production of protosulphide of,
253

source of oxi le of characteristic
of the form nes and the poly-
atomic alcohols, 149
Carbonic acid, influenc of on the
respiration of animals, 231
part played by in spontaneous
coagulation of blood, 10
vegetation of maize begun in

an atmosphere free rom, 191
Carbonic oxide, sources of, 170
Carboniferous compounds, oxida
tion of, 139
Carnelly, T., action of water and
of various saline solutions on
copper, 199
high melting-points, with spe-
cial reference to those of
metallic salts, 61
Caro, H., rosolic acid, 19

ments, 50

new sulphuretted

generator, 67

hydrogen

Cast-iron, estimation of mangan-

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Cements, report on process for

analysis of, 19
Champion, P., influence of aspa-

gin contained in saccharine
juices upon saccharimetric
assay, 191
Charcoal, animal, notes on, 100

action of on ammoniacal salts,

245
Charcoals used for decolourising,
and their artificial production,
117

Chateau, T., history of manufac-

ture of Turkey-red, 55, 118,
242, 262
Chatellier, M. H. le, origin of

fibre in puddled iron, 221
Chatin, A., causes of failure in
detection of minute quantities
of io line, 54

of

Chautard, M. J., magnetic action
on the rarefied gases
Geissler's tubes, 74
Chauvet, A., compa ative study of

so-called instantaneous elec-
tric efflux, and of continuous
current in case of unipolar
excitement, 18
Chemical arts, development of

during the last ten years, 3,
12, 25, 37, 50, 57, 69, 77, 91,
112, 124, 132, 143, 167, 176, 187,
193, 24. 225, 236, 244, 253
"Chemical Labels for the Labora-

tory Alphabetically Arranged"
(review), 93
Chemical profession, encroach-
ments on the, 102

researches, preliminary notes
of, 271

Society, anniversary meeting
of, 146

blackballing at the, 220, 229,
238, 246, 258, 263, 268.
of St. Petersburg, correspond-
ence from, 65, 201, 251
research fund of the, 146
visit of Fellows of to Royal
Arsenal, 118

studies, 255
Chemico-calories, new elements
in determination of, 108
Chemistry extraordinary, 44
"Chemistry, First Principles of"
(review), 62

Ch mists, necessity for organisa-
tion amongst, 27, 41, 64, 89,
107, 116, 178, 190, 200, 209,
240, 250, 258, 269
Chester, A. H., estimation of
phosphoric acid in fertilisers,
255

Chloral, anhydrous and hydrated,

action of on aniline, 98
and croton-chloral, action of
hydrocyanic acid upon, IS
cyanide-cyanate of, 210
Chlo ine, 244, 253

action of on acetamide, 256
determination of in organic
compounds, 117

early use of for bleaching pur-
poses, 131

produs of action of upon al-
dehyd of ethyl ser es, 18
Chlorophyll, vegetation of plants
not endowed with, 210
Chrome iron-ore, assaying, 53
Church, A. H., certain hydrates,

203
Claison, L., condensation products
of aceton, 138

Clapham, K. C., new decomposing
furnace, 132, 266

"Class-Book of Chemistry" (re-

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[blocks in formation]

Clève, P. T., action of PCI, on
B-naphthol, 180
nitro-naphthyl sulphurous acids
and their derivatives, 10
sulpho-naphthalide, 180

Swedish correspondence, 118
Cloëz, M., oil of elæococ.a, 129
Cloiseaux, M. des, examination
of orthose, 221

existence, properties, and che-
mical composition of micro-
cline, 201

"Coal and Other Matters, Re-
marks on" (review), 137

Coal-gas and pyrogeneous car-
bides, 210

composition of, 200

sulphur in, 210

Cobalt, action of zinc on, 231
magnetisat on of, 266

sebate of, 39

Coffee, adulteration in, 194
Cohné, S., action of peroxide of
hydrogen upon fa ty oils, 133
Cold, action of on milk, 74
and ice, progress in arificial
production of, 13, 25, 37, 50,
57, 69, 77, 91, 112, 124, 132, 143,
167, 176, 187, 193, 214, 225,
236
Collodion, transformation of in
pho.ographic operations, 170
Colloid substances, freezing of

aqueous solutions of, 266"
Colour, a forgotten, 119
Colouring matters, progress of
the manufacture of artificial,
118, 221

power in aromatic substances,
198
Colours, researches on twelve

solid, found at Pompeii, 139
Combustion, process o, which
takes place in interior of cer-
tain porous filters, 243
Commaille, A., pathological che-

[blocks in formation]

interference of certain metals
with, accuracy of process for
estimation of by cyanide of
potassium, 152
loss of through volatilisation
in the Cornish copper assay,
77

phosphuretted, 75
Coquillion, J. J., synthesis of ani-
line-black, 64

Corenwinder, B., chemical re-
searches on vegetation, 241
influence of defoliation of beet
on yield of sugar, 18
Cornwall, H. B., moification of
Wanklyn's method of water
analysis, 135
Costa, A., composition of certain
Italian minerals and rocks,

75
Cotton, mineral, 65
Cutton, S., combination of phenol
with sulphate of quinine, 65
Cristomanos, A., new method of
preparing diphenyl, 75
Crookes, W., award of royal
medal to, 13
movement of glass case of ra-
diometer, 163

repulsion resulting from radia
tion, 121, 131, 141
Cyanogen, analogy of to oxygen,

[blocks in formation]
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