to 252 enlisted men. He reports the expense which would be incurred in establishing a great sanatorium in Benguet requires that caution should be exercised in the matter. The result of troops actually camping there should be known. He noted that out of 445 convalescents sent to the United States for treatment in September, 1900, 129 were under 21, or 29 per cent of the whole number. He says that young boys are more imprudent concerning their own health and less resistant to the disease-producing agents, and should not be sent to the Philippines. From August 1 to April 30 the number of invalids sent home for treatment was 3,993, this number including many volunteers and trifling cases. One hundred and twenty-one insane soldiers have been sent to the United States because of insanity, the cause to be looked for in the general conditions surrounding soldiers' lives in the Philippines, acting upon predisposed men. Contrary to general belief in the United States, there is not much disability from alcoholism. Colonel Greenleaf reports that improvements most urgently needed in Manila are a system of drains and sewers, dredging and cleaning moats and canals, and a pure and ample water supply. Bubonic plague exists in Manila, 245 cases with 199 deaths having occurred. One hundred and fifty-nine lepers are under treatment. He reports the total number of prisoners of war as 4,149 men, of which the total number of sick, between March 10 and April 10, were 1,336, 697 cases being from beri-beri.

Brig. Gen. George W. Davis, provost-marshal-general, reports his Manila command on May 31 as being 180 officers and 2,670 men of the United States Army, 696 men of the metropolitan police, and 682 men of the native police.

The reports from the commanding generals of the Department of Northern Luzon, Department of Southern Luzon, Department of the Visayas, Department of Mindanao and Jolo show remarkable activity on the part of troops in holding down the bands of insurgents, and point to many instances of extraordinary bravery on the part of both Regulars and Volunteers and much wisdom in dealing with perplexing problems. Much work is shown to have been performed by small detachments of mounted infantry; the use of horses to carry infantry to vicinity of the enemy's position being shown to be very desirable. The report of Brigadier-General Funston regarding the capture of Aguinaldo is included in full, and a full statement of this occurrence given. The splendid work the army has done in the establishment of schools and civil government in the towns is shown in these reports. The wisdom of enlisting volunteers directly into the service of the United States, without the aid of the States, of officering the higher grades in these regiments with picked officers from the Regular Army, is shown by the remarkable success of these regiments in field service.

Maj. Gen. Adna R. Chaffee, commanding China relief expedition, under date of May 14, 1901, reports that United States troops in China have not been employed on the offensive since September, 1900. The duty of the troops has been garrison duty,except that four companies of the infantry and two troops of cavalry have been employed in maintaining order in the various sections of Pekin..

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When it became known that we were to withdraw from Pekin, the people in this section made strenuous efforts to have the order withdrawing our troops suspended.

General Chaffee invites attention to the loss of public stores while in transit. In his opinion neither agents nor guards can be excused from blame for participation. Rough handling has something to do with the loss, as broken boxes make pilfering easy. The boxes are found with part of the contents taken out, other substances put in place, and the boxes looking as if they had never been tampered with. Company property was packed in a horrible condition for handling by the Quartermaster Department, and in enormous bulk, with the result of hampering the transportation service of the army. He recommends that a telescopic hand bag of canvas be supplied as a sub stitute for lockers and trunks. He praises the method of packing of the Japanese, whose boxes and sacks are bound with rope, preventing tampering with the boxes.

He states there has been much drunkenness and dissoluteness to contend with, and as the canteen in his command had not been in operation but for a month prior to February 1, 1901, and during that time the effects for good were very noticeable, it can not be said that much insobriety has been caused by the canteen.

General Chaffee reports that from every commander of the various forces and the ministers of the different nations he has received many courtesies.

Capt. Grote Hutcheson, Sixth Cavalry, inspector-general of troops in China, recommends instead of present uniform a khaki-colored uniform of cotton for summer and wool for winter, loose-fitting trousers tightly buttoned about ankles, with leggings. For full dress an ornamental collar, with simple shoulder knots that could be readily attached to service blouse. He criticises the campaign hat as unsoldierly in appearance, losing its shape at first wetting.

He says our officers generally fail to presert the smart trim appearance of the foreigner, this being due to the somberness of their uniform and a lack of care and attention to their clothing in the field.

He recommends for shipment of goods the adoption of a box whose bottom shall be the same, but the height ranging according to the nature of the stores.

Capt. Irwin E. Bennett, acting chief surgeon, China relief expedition, reports that, considered from the standpoint of health alone, the expedition has been a remarkable one. Subjected to the conditions of actual warfare under the most disadvantageous circumstances, the percentage of noneffectiveness, including those incapacitated by gunshot injuries, has but once (September) reached 10 per cent of the strength of the command, and never approximating these figures thereafter, descending, on the contrary, the following month to 0.07, and showing a gradual subsequent diminution to the present time.

Capt. Grote Hutcheson, Sixth Cavalry, acting judge-advocate, China relief expedition, reports:

There have been 2,414 convictions of enlisted men in five months, of which 244 were by general courts-martial.

The maximum number of men with the command at any time was 5,064.

He thinks that this large number of trials and convictions is due to there being many men in our ranks who are irresponsible and can not

be controlled except by the most severe measures.

It is also due to

the inexperience and comparative youth of many of our commissioned officers and the disappearance from the ranks of our old noncommissioned officers.

He recommends, in the field, instead of the present "cumbersome" methods, the summary methods of foreign armies, where the captain of the company metes out punishment at once.

He refers to the lack of instruction and discipline of our commissioned officers, recommending the early reestablishment of service schools. He regards the canteen as an aid to discipline and orderly conduct.

Brig. Gen. Leonard Wood, U. S. A., commanding the Department of Cuba, reports a scarcity of officers in the department, notwithstanding which his command is in an efficient condition.

During the past fiscal year the Division of Cuba was abolished and the Department of Cuba established, absorbing the Department of Habana, the Department of Pinar del Rio, and the Department of Santiago and Puerto Principe.

The Department of Cuba now contains 1 artillery and 11 cavalry posts, and includes the District of Santiago, commanded by Col. Samuel M. Whiteside, Tenth United States Cavalry.

General Wood devotes much space to a description of the instruction of coast artillery in target practice, in which the foreign guns captured from the Spanish, as well as the American guns, were used. He states that a systematic course of instruction in packing is in progress for cavalry officers. He commends Pack-Master H. W. Daley, who reorganized all the pack trains in the island, as the most efficient expert on packing in America, and recommends that he receive the title of chief pack-master, United States Army, at a salary of $200 per month.

He states horses and mules are fed one-half green forage with beneficial results and with increased economy.

He states it is due to the strenuous efforts of the Medical Department, with the cooperation of the Sanitary and Quartermaster's departments, that yellow fever has been now almost driven from the island. The health of the troops has been much better than in preceding years. He states that during the summer of 1900, 5 officers of his staff contracted yellow fever and 3 died, including Maj. George S. Cartwright, quartermaster; Maj. M. R. Peterson, commissary of subsistence, and Capt. Frederick M. Page, Porto Rican Battalion. Forty-eight headquarters' employees also contracted yellow fever and 11 died.

Among the reports of staff officers, that of Maj. Valery Havard, chief surgeon, is notable.

Col. George H. Burton, inspector-general, Department of Cuba, reports the posts, troops, transportation, and supplies in a satisfactory condition. He criticises the cavalry in that all organizations are more or less deficient in the schools of the soldier and of the trooper, there being insufficient instruction given recruits. This is also the case in the artillery. The men physically are fine. Horses in excellent condition, except that they are liable in Cuba to contract eye disease and lockjaw, from which a considerable number have been disabled. Wheel and pack transportation in excellent condition. Quarters good,

Results at target practice not as good as might be desired. He criticises the accumulation of large company funds, due to excessive profits of the post exchange. He states that the deficiencies and inconsistencies of the drill regulations for cavalry are responsible for much profanity in the Army. He says there is a general complaint that a number of men are being enlisted who are under age and physically unsuited; and that many horses received were unfit for cavalry duty. He says that the younger officers of the Army believe that a law should be enacted requiring physical examinations of officers of the higher grades before promotion. He recommends that the decision of summary court officers be substituted for that of boards of survey in regard to losses, stating there seems to be a lack of responsibility felt by the members of board of survey.

Maj. Edgar S. Dudley, judge-advocate, Department of Cuba, reports that in his opinion the time has come for a modification of the Foraker law so as to give some latitude to municipal corporations in the matter of municipal franchises. Among the most important changes in laws have been the replacing of escribanos in courts by salaried recorders and introduction of the writ of habeas corpus into the existing legal system, the modification and simplification of the law of criminal procedure, the establishment of correctional courts, and the legalization of the religious marriage ceremony.

Maj. George M. Dunn, judge-advocate, Department of Cuba, recommends that the fifty-fourth, fifty-fifth, and fifty-eighth articles of war, not being now applicable to service in foreign countries (they now apply to service in the United States only), should be made so; that the limitations on the hours of trial in the ninety-fourth article of war be made subject to the discretion of the president of the court; that the employment of stenographers on general courts be made obligatory when practicable.

Discussing the abolition of the canteen, he says that during November, December, and January, 1900, with the canteen, there were 139 convictions for drunkenness, and during the months of March, April, and May, 1901, the canteen having been abolished, there were 275 convictions for drunkenness, or nearly twice as many, due to the abolition of the canteen. The men, too, suffer as much from a restricted diet as they do from bad rum; the profits of the canteen, formerly used for the purchase of butter, eggs, and fresh vegetables, being reduced more than one-half, so that now the sober men get fewer vegetables and drinking men get more rum.

Capt. Chauncey B. Baker, chief quartermaster, Department of Cuba, reports that a competitive trial was made in June between the Aparejo and Moore pack saddles, the Moore pack saddle being found, in his opinion, entirely unsuited for severe field service. He recommends that no Moore pack saddles be hereafter issued in that department. The amount saved in the department during the year by substituting green grass for straw for bedding was, without counting cost of transportation of American hay, $15,252. He reports 1,275 schoolteachers carried to the United States and back by United States transport. He reports on the relative merits of four kinds of ovens and field ranges, stating that the Hunt range and the Buzzacott range are the most desirable.

Maj. Valery Havard, chief surgeon, reports that the health of the troops has shown a steady improvement upon former years,

statistics showing that the ratio for admissions to hospitals, and the ratio of mortality have approached very closely those of the United States. The ratio of admissions for common infectious diseases is much lower than in the United States; for tuberculosis it is higher, which would seem to show that a high and equable temperature is not the best for consumption. The record for syphilis is bad, nearly double that of the United States, notwithstanding municipal inspections of prostitutes. The ratio of alcoholism is double that of the United States, and is attributable to cheap alcoholic drinks. He believes that malarial fever will be practically eliminated on the island hereafter, and states that in the summer of 1900 a board of of medical officers met for the purpose of investigating yellow fever, and the result of their experiments was one of the most brilliant medical discoveries of the age, namely, the mode of transmission of yellow fever; and, as a natural consequence, a complete revolution has taken place in the methods adopted to prevent and combat this disease. He criticizes the field uniform for its lack of military neatness and smartness, the combination of khaki trousers and blue shirt is not effective from a military point of view. Food is generally satisfactory. The vexed question of the quantity of meat which should be consumed by the soldiers in this climate is practically solved by common experience. While the men do not eat quite as much food in Cuba as in the United States, the proportion of meat eaten (to other constituents) is fully as great.

Regarding female nurses, he states that, despite the wisest regulations, female nurses will be now and then, perhaps without any fault of theirs, a troublesome and demoralizing factor at posts. He believes that it is in the interest of the service to employ them at only large important hospitals, never less than two or three together.

The death rate of Habana (24.26) has changed but little during the last six months. Conditions can not change until cesspools have been replaced by sewers.

Maj. Gen. John R. Brooke, commanding the Department of the East reports that the barracks at some infantry and cavalry posts are not constructed for the present size of companies and should be enlarged. He recommends that visitors be allowed to visit certain parts of coast defenses, see the guns, and witness the drills. He thinks that no harm can result; that similar permission is granted in the naval service, thereby increasing the interest of the public in the Navy. He further recommends that all approaches to seacoast defenses from the rear be made defensible by proper lines of defense.

General Brooke makes a detailed report of his annual inspection of various forts and complains that in a number of forts and batteries the magazines were damp, the strength of the garrisons insufficient to furnish one relief for each gun; that the barracks were not properly located, being too far from the guns, and that many of the Southern posts have not proper communication in the way of roads or landing facilities, and that some of the quarters are not properly constructed; recommending that they be built to suit the climate and be made cool and comfortable. Otherwise service in the South will be at a discount, preventing the reenlistment of desirable men.

Lieut. Col. J. P. Story, Artillery Inspector, Department of the East, states that the most important problem at the present time is to