ace and Juvenal, and that have commanded the regard of all scholars down to the present time.

Petrarch, Francesco, 1304-1374. Famous Italian lyric poet; born at Arezzo, in Tuscany; spent his youth in Avignon; intended for the profession of law, devoted his time to the study of Cicero and Virgil; met Laura, a lady of surpassing beauty, in the church of St. Clare there in 1327, conceived a passion for her which she could not return, and wrote sonnets in praise of her which have immortalized him. The historic reality of Laura has been doubted. Petrarch wrote more in Latin than in Italian but his fame rests upon the Canzoniere," comprising sonnets and madrigals, and mainly love poetry.

Phædrus. A Latin fabulist, of the age of Augustus, born in Macedonia, and settled in Rome; originally a slave, was manumitted by Augustus; his fables, one hundred in number, were written in verse and are mostly versifications from Æsop.

Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart, 1844American authoress; born at Andover; wrote Gates Ajar" and other popular stories; advocate of social and temperance reform.

Pidgin, Charles Felton, 1844- An American statistician; born in Roxbury, Mass. He invented many machines for the mechanical tabulation of statistics, among them the electric adding and multiplying machine, addition register, and typewriter tabulator. He has written novels and musical compositions.

Pindar, 522-443 B. C. The great Greek lyric poet; born in or near Thebes, in Boeotia. Pindar excelled in all varieties of choral poetry, hymns to the gods, pæans. odes for processions, drinking songs, etc. But the only poems of his now extant are the 'Epinikia," or triumphal odes, composed in celebration of victories at the great public games. Pindar attained the highest renown in his own age, and as a lyrical poet has no rival. When Thebes was destroyed by Alexander, the conqueror spared the house of Pindar.

Plautus, 254-184 B. C. A Latin comic poet, born in Umbria; he wrote about 130 comedies, but only twenty have survived, the plots mostly borrowed from Greek models; they were much esteemed by his contemporaries; they have supplied material for dramatic treatment in modern times.

Pliny (Caius Plinius Secundus), The Elder, 23-79. A distinguished Roman jurist and naturalist; perished in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius which overwhelmed Pompeii and Herculaneum. He wrote Natural History. Pliny, the Younger (Caius Plinius Cæcilius Secundus), adopted son of the former, an eminent jurist and historian; born 62; wrote The Panegyric" and "Epistles."

Plutarch, 46-125. Celebrated Greek biographer and moralist; born at Chæronea, in Bootia; his fame rests on his "Parallel Lives" of forty-six distinguished Greeks and Romans, a series of portraitures true to the life, and a work one of the most valuable we possess on the illustrious men of antiquity.

Poe, Edgar Allan, 1809-1849. An American poet and story writer; born in Boston. Left an orphan early, he was adopted by John Allan, of Richmond, Va., and at the age of eighteen left this home and published his first volume of verse at Boston. He was a cadet at the United States Military Academy, 1830-1831; and subsequently embarked on a literary career. He is one of the most remarkable characters in literature, gifted with great power of invention, vividness of imagination, and artistic skill. His work consists of criticism, prose tales, and poetry. His tales are remarkable for their imaginative vigor and finished art, notably "Ligeia," "The Fall of the House of Usher." Eleonora," "The Mask of the Red Death," and The Murders of the Rue Morgue." His best poems are Valley of Unrest." Lenore," "Helen," City in the Sea," Israfel," "The Raven," and "The Bells."

Polybius, 205-120 B. C. A Greek historian; born in Megalopolis, Greece. His great work is a general history of the extension of Rome from 266 B. C. to 146 B. C. Five only of its forty books are now extant, with some fragments of the rest, but these are among the most important literary remains of antiquity. He wrote several other works, but they have perished.

Pope, Alexander, 1684-1744. An English poet: born in London. His education was a desultory one. In 1711 he published his poem the "Essay on Criticism," which was followed by "The Rape of the Lock." a polished and witty narrative poem, founded on an incident of fashionable life. From 1715 to 1726 he was engaged on a poetical translation of Homer's works, the Iliad

being wnolly from his pen, the "Odyssey" less than half. He wrote Imitations of Horace," and "The Dunciad. Prentice, George Denison, 1802-1870. An American journalist; born in Preston, Conn.; became editor of the Louisville Journal, 1830, and held that post till his death, making the paper famous for satiric wit and exuberant fun. He died in Louisville, Kentucky.

Prescott, William H., 1796-1859. An eminent American historian; born at Boston, Massachusetts; son of a lawyer; turned to literature as a profession; growing blind, the result of an accident at college, he fortunately inherited means, employed assistants, and with great courage in 1826 began to study Spanish history. "Ferdinand and Isabella," appearing in 1838, established his reputation in both worlds; "The Conquest of Mexico," his best work, was published in 1843, and "The Conquest of Peru" in 1847; he died of apoplexy at Boston before completing the "History of Philip II."

Procter, Bryan Waller, 1787-1874. English lyrist, known by his pseudonym as Barry Cornwall; born in London; is chiefly memorable as a friend of all the eminent literary men of two generations, such as Wordsworth, Lamb, and Scott on the one hand, and Carlyle, Thackeray, and Tennyson on the other; he was not a great poet.

Quintilian (Quintilianus Marcus Fabius), 35-97? A Roman rhetorician; native of Spain. His great work is entitled "On Oratory as an Art," and was written after his retirement, but during the reign of Domitian. It is the most complete course of rhetoric handed down from ancient times, and is distinguished for its elegance of style, as well as for sound judgment, cultivated taste, and various knowledge.

Rabelais (rah-be-lay'), Francois, 1490-1553. A great French humorist; born at Chinon; studied medicine, and for a time practiced it, particularly at Lyons; here he commenced the series of writings that have immortalized his name, his "Gargantua" and "Pantagruel" forming a succession of satires, in a vein of riotous mirth, on monks, priests, pedants, and all the incarnate solecisms of the time.

Racine, Jean, 1639-1699. The greatest French tragic poet; born in La Ferté-Milon, France. His tragedies, Andromache," "Iphigenia," "Brittanicus." "Bajazet," and Phèdre" place him above all French dramatists except Molière. He wrote, by desire of Louis XIV. and Madame de Maintenon, the sacred dramas of Esther" and "Athalie," two of his best works.

Ramsay, Allan, 1685-1758. A Scotch poet; born in Leadhills, Lanarkshire, Scotland. His fame reached its acme on the production of "The Gentle Shepherd," one of the finest dramatic pastorals ever penned. Ramsay died in Edinburgh.

Read, Opie, 1852

An American journalist; born

in Nashville, Tenn. He established and edited for many years the Arkansaw Traveler, His studies of Arkansas life have been widely read.

Read, Thomas Buchanan, 1822-1872. An American portrait painter and poet; born in Chester county, Pa.: among his poems are "Sheridan's Ride" and "Drifting."

Reade, Charles, 1814-1884. An English novelist; born in Ipsden House, Oxfordshire, England. He was educated at Oxford. The books by which he first became known were his 'Peg Woffington" and Christie Johnstone.' The Cloister and the Hearth is his masterpiece.

Renan (reh-non'), Joseph Ernest, 1823-1892. A French writer: born in Treguier, France. In 1862 he was appointed professor of Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac in the College de France, but the skeptical views manifested in his "Life of Jesus." raised an outcry against him, and he was removed from his chair, to be restored again, however, in 1871. This work, the publication of which caused intense excitement throughout Europe, was the first part of a comprehensive work on the History of the Origins of Christianity," written from the standpoint of one who disbelieves in the supernatural claims of Christianity. Renan's latest important work was the History of the People of Israel till the Time of King David." Became a member of the French Academy, 1878.

Richardson, Samuel, 1689-1761. Novelist; born in Derbyshire, the son of a joiner; was apprenticed to a printer in London; set up in the business for himself, and from his success in it became Master of the Stationers' Company in 1754, and King's Printer in 1760; was fifty before he came out as a novelist: published his

Pamela in 1740, his masterpiece." Clarissa Harlowe," written in the form of letters, in 1748, and "Sir Charles Grandison" in 1753; they are all three novels of senti

ment, are instinct with a spirit of moral purity, and are more praised than read.

Richter, Jean Paul Friedrich, 1763-1825. Usually called Jean Paul simply: the best known of German humorists; born at Wunsiedel, in Bavaria; the son of a poor German pastor; had a scanty education, but his fine faculties and unwearied diligence supplied every defect; his works are numerous, and the chief are the novels"Hesperus," 'Quintus Fixlein" and " Schoolmaster Wuz," idylls, and Levana," a work on pedagogy.

Ridpath, John Clark, 1840-1900. An American educator; born in Putnam county, Ind.; held a professorship in Baker University, Kansas. In 1869 he became Professor of English Literature at Asbury University, Indiana, and was elected its vice-president in 1879. In 1874-1875 he published a" History of the United States." which he supplemented with another in 1877. In 1876 he issued a School History," and in 1879 an English Grammar." Desiring to devote his whole time to litera: ture he resigned his university offices.

Riley, James Whitcomb, 1853- An American poet; born in Greenfield, Ind. His contributions to newspapers and magazines first attracted public attention about 1875. His writings soon became so popular that he devoted himself to literature and public readings of his work with great success. His poems are characterized by both humor and pathos and by their sympathy with the simplest phases of life. Those of the Hoosier type are especially popular. Among his works are The Boss Girl and Other Stories." "Green Fields and Running Brooks," The Rubaiyat of Doc. Lifers,' Home Folks," and the Book of Joyous Children." Rogers, Samuel, 1763-1855. English poet; born near London; bred to banking, and all his life a banker-took to literature. produced a succession of poems; "The Pleasures of Memory," "Human Life," and "Italy," the chief.

Rollin, Charles, 1661-1741. A French historian; born in Paris. His best known work is the "Ancient History,' often reprinted in France, England, and the United States. It is of small value,

Ronsard (de ron-sar'), Pierre de, 1524-1585. A French poet; born in Vendomois, France. After a short diplomatic career, he devoted himself to literary studies and became the chief of the band of seven poets afterwards known as the 'Pleiade." Ronsard's popularity and prosperity during his life were very great. Henry II., Francis II., and Charles IX. esteemed him. He wrote Odes, Hymns,' The Amours," and "Franciad." Rossetti, Gabriele, 1783-1854. An Italian poet and critic; he was elected Professor of Italian in King's College, London. His son, Gabriel Charles Dante Rossetti, 1828-1882, gained high reputation as poet and painter. He wrote The Blessed Damosel," a poem of great simplicity and spiritual beauty: My Sister's Sleep"; "The House of Life," of one hundred and one sonnets; a prose work, "Hand and Soul"; and two remarkable ballads, Sister Helen and 'The King's Tragedy.'

Rostand, Edmond, 1868

A French poet; born in Marseilles, France; his first play, "The Romanticists, was an instantaneous success and was followed by 'Princess Lontaine"; "The Samaritan": Cyrano de Bergerac"; and "L'Aiglon." The last two were translated into English and played in the United States. Rostand's versification is of remarkable beauty. In 1901, he was elected one of the 40 "immortals of the French Academy-the youngest candidate ever receiving that honor. Rouget de Lisle (roo-zhay' de leel), 1760-1836. Officer of the Engineers; born at Lons-le-Saulnier; immortalized himself as the author of the Marseillaise"; was thrown into prison by the extreme party at the Revolution, but was released on the fall of Robespierre; fell into straightened circumstances, but was pensioned by Louis Philippe.

Rousseau (roo-80′), Jean Jacques, 1712-1778. A SwissFrench philosopher; one of the most celebrated and influential writers of the 18th century; born in Geneva, Switzerland. Went to Paris, then to the Hermitage, where he wrote a sort of novel, "Julia, or the New Heloise," which was published in 1760, being followed by "The Social Contract," a political work, and "Emile, or on Education," in 1762. Persecution, exaggerated by his own morbid sensibility, forced Rousseau to flee to England, where he was welcomed by Hume, Boswell and others, in 1766. A malicious letter by Horace Walpole unluckily aroused his suspicions of his English friends, and in May, 1767, he returned to France. He lived in

great poverty, supporting himself by copying music and publishing occasional works. His celebrated "Confessions" appeared at Geneva, in 1782. Rousseau wrote also "Letter on Providence and "Dialogues." Royce, Josiah, 1855An American educator and author; born in Grass Valley, Cal. He became Professor of the History of Philosophy in Harvard in 1892, and published: A Primer of Logical Analysis The Religious Aspect of Philosophy : The Conception of Immortality"; and many articles and lectures. Ruckert, Friedrich, 1788-1866. German poet; born in Bavaria. His most popular books are the collection of lyrics entitled "Springtime of Love," and the reflective poems, "The Wisdom of the Brahman.' He was a great interpreter of the Oriental spirit. Ruskin, John, 1819-1900. An English author; born in London; he was Slade Professor of Fine Arts at Oxford. In Modern Painters he advocated a complete revolution in the received conventions of art and art criticism. Ruskin was the first art critic to place criticism upon a scientific basis. In 1851 he appeared as a defender of pre-Raphaelitism. About 1860 he began to write as a political economist and social reformer; his chief works in this sphere being "Unto this Last," Munera Pulveris," and Fors Clavigera," a periodical series of letters to the working men, and laborers of Great Britain. In this connection he founded, in 1876, the Guild of St. George; founded a linen industry at Keswick, and revived, in Langdale, hand loom weaving. Among his other works are "Crown of Wild Olives,' Sesame and Lilies, Ethics of the Dust,' Queen of the Air," and Stones of Venice.'

Sadi, or Saadi, 1184-1291. Most celebrated didactic poet of Persia; born in Shiraz. In his youth he visited Hindustan, Syria, Palestine, Abyssinia, and made pilgrimages to Mecca and Medina. While in Syria he was taken by the Crusaders, and compelled to labor as a slave. After 50 years of wandering he returned to his native city, delighting everybody with his poems and sage precepts. The Rose Garden" is his most popular book,

Sainte-Beuve (Sant-buv′), Charles Augustin, 18041869. A French writer, and one of the greatest of modern critics; born in Boulogne, France. He studied medicine at Paris, but abandoned that science in favor of literature, his first work of importance being on the French literature of the 16th century. In 1840 he was appointed conservator of the Mazarin Library, and in 1845 admitted a member of the French Academy. In 1852 he was appointed Professor of Latin Poetry in the College of France; he also lectured for some years on French literature at the Ecole Normale Superieure. He wrote three volumes of poetry; died in Paris.

Sallust, Caius Callustius Crispus, 86-34 B.C. Roman historian, In 47 B.C., he was prætor-elect; in the following year accompanied Cæsar to the African war, and was left as governor of Numidia. He returned with immense wealth, and after Cæsar's death lived in luxurious retirement. Sallust wrote several historical works of which Catilina " and Jugurtha" are extant.

Sand, George, 1804-1876. Best known name of Madame Armantine Lucile Aurore Dupin Dudevant, one of the greatest of French novelists; born in Paris. In 1822 she married Baron Dudevant, to whom she bore a son and a daughter; but in 1831 separated from him, and took up her residence in Paris. In conjunction with Jules Sandeau, a young lawyer, she wrote Rose and White," which was published in 1831, with the pseudonym Jules Sand. The reception it met with afforded her an opportunity of publishing a novel solely by herselfIndiana," under the name of George Sand, which she ever after retained. In 1836 she obtained a judicial separation from her husband, with the care of her children. In 1854 she published "Story of My Life," a psychological autobiography. Her published works consist of upward of eighty separate novels, a large number of plays, and numerous articles in literary journals.

Sappho, fl. 600 B.C. Renowned Greek lyric poet; born in the island of Lesbos. She wrote nine books of poems, but besides some small fragments of them we have in complete form only "Hymn to Aphrodite' and "Blest as the Immortal Gods is He.' In antiquity, as Homer was ever The Poet above all others, so Sappho was The Poetess.' She was called "The Tenth Muse."

Sardou, Victorien, 1831A French dramatist; born in Paris. He began play writing in early life, though intended originally for the medical profession, Among his plays are: Cleopatra, Thermidor." Gismonda,' "Madame Sans-Gene,' Fedora," etc. He entered the Academy in 1878.

Saxe, John Godfrey, 1816-1887. An American humorous poet; born in Highgate. Vt. His most popular verses include Rhyme of the Rail" and "The Proud Miss McBride," Progress,' "The Money King,' Fables and Legends of Many Countries.' Scheffel, Joseph Victor von, 1826-1886. German poet, bred to law, but abandoned it for literature; his first and best work, "Der Trompeter von Säckingen," a charming tale in verse of the Thirty Years' War, succeeded by Gaudeamus,' a collection of songs and ballads familiar to all German students.

Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von, 17591805. A German poet; born in Marbach, Würtemberg; in his twenty-second year, wrote the tragedy of "The Robbers,' which at once raised him to the foremost rank among the dramatists of his country. In 1789 he was appointed to the chair of history in the University of Jena, and besides lecturing to crowded audiences he published his "History of the Thirty Years' War," and engaged in various literary enterprises which had great influence on the literature of Germany. Settled at Weimar, in order to be near a theater and with Goethe; at intervals he published the following works: "Wallenstein, Mary Stuart,' ""Maid of Orleans," and "William Tell." He died in Weimar, Germany. Authoress, daughter of a Lutheran clergyman at Cape Town: achieved a great success by "The Story of an African Farm" in 1883, which was followed in 1891 by "Dreams," also later Dream Life and Real Life."

Schreiner, Olive, 1862

Scott, Sir Walter, 1771-1832. A British author; born in Edinburgh, Scotland. From the commencement of his literary career in 1796, when he published his translations of Burger's Lenore and " Wild Huntsman,' to the year of his decease, he was constantly producing some literary work, and reaped an abundant harvest. His romances are universally known. His patrimonial estate was considerable; and in 1799 he obtained the preferment of sheriff of Selkirkshire, with about £300 ($1,500). In 1811 he built a mansion on the Tweed, to which he gave the name of Abbotsford. In 1826 the great publishing house of Constable & Co. failed and with it the Ballantyne firm in which Scott was a partner. He regarded the Ballantyne debt as personal and, resolving to owe no man a penny," he began at the age of fifty-five, the task of paying the creditors $600,000. In two years his work had gained for them nearly $200,000; but the severity of his labors permanently broke down his health, and he died before his aim was realized. But in 1847 by sale of copyrights his debts were all liquidated. Scott was the originator of the historical novel and has added greatly to our appreciation of history by such novels as Ivanhoe," Legend of Montrose,' Kenilworth." and "The Talisman." "Guy Mannering,,, "Waverley,' Rob Roy," and "Heart of Midlothian are also among his best novels. The "Lady of the Lake.' Marmion," and the Lay of the Last Minstrel," constitute his best poetry.

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Seneca, Lucius Annæus, 57-65. Roman statesman, Stoic philosopher. He wrote Natural Questions." Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. An English dramatist and poet, born in Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire, England. His birthplace, as pointed out by traditions, is the house in Henley street, Stratford, which belonged to his father. In his nineteenth year he married Anne Hathaway, daughter of a yeoman at the neighboring hamlet of Shottery, and eight years older than himself. He went to London about 1586, and lived there many years, leaving his wife and children at Stratford; he gained an honorable position as actor, playwriter, and shareholder in the theater of Blackfriars, and afterward in that of the Globe; enjoyed the favor and patronage of Queen Elizabeth, James I., and the Earl of Southampton, the warm friendship of Ben Jonson, and the highest respect and admiration of his associates, not only for his pre-eminence as a poet, but for his honesty, geniality, and worth as a man. Of his end we have no other account than the short statement in the diary of the Rev. John Ward, vicar of Stratford, that "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had a merry meeting, and it seems drank too hard, for Shakespeare died of a fever then contracted.' The first collected edition of Shakespeare's plays was the folio of 1628. His poems of

Venus and Adonis and the "Rape of Lucrece" were published in 1593 and 1594 and were the only works which appeared with his name in his lifetime, Of the thirty-six plays (exclusive of " Pericles"), the dates of publication of only a few are known. "The Two Gentlemen of Verona and "Love's Labor's Lost" were among the earliest; and "The Tempest,' "Troilus and Cressida,' Henry VIII.," Coriolanus," Julius Cæsar," and Antony and Cleopatra," among the latest. The "Midsummer Night's Dream,' Merchant of Venice." Romeo and Juliet," Richard II.," " Richard III.,' 'Henry IV.," and King John were all produced before 1598. A copy of "Hamlet is extant, bearing the date 1603. "Twelfth Night was produced in 1601; King Lear was printed in 1607; "The Tempest" was written in 1611. The second folio edition of the collected plays appeared in 1632, and two others subsequently. It is said that by 1830 not less than eighty-two editions had been published, without including separate plays, and poems, and commentaries. Since then the number has been enormously increased. Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 1792-1822. An English poet; son of Sir Timothy Shelley; born near Horsham, England. At Oxford he published anonymously a scholastic thesis entitled "Necessity of Atheism"; refusing eitherto acknowledge or deny it, was at once expelled. His first great poem, "Queen Mab," was followed by the "Revolt of Islam," a poem in the Spenserian stanza. In 1811 he eloped to Edinburgh with Harriet Westbrook, the daughter of a retired innkeeper. She was sixteen years of age, his own age being nineteen. The marriage turned out unhappily. In November, 1816, she committed suicide by drowning. Shelley was deeply affected by this event, but soon after married Mary Godwin ; Shelley left England in March, 1818, and the whole short remainder of his life was passed in Italy. On July 8, 1822, he was sailing with a Mr. Williams in the Bay of Spezia, when both were drowned. He wrote also Alastor, Adonais,' Sensitive Plant.' Sheridan, Richard Brinsley Butler, 1751-1816. Dramatist and politician; born in Dublin; scored his first success with The Rivals"; "The School for Scandal" and "The Critic set flowing the tide of prosperity; turning his attention next to politics he entered Parliament, and two years later became Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs; his great speech impeaching Hastings placed him in the front rank of orators; he died in poverty, but was accorded a burial in Westminster Abbey.

Sidney, Sir Philip, 1554-1586. Poet and one of the most attractive figures at Elizabeth's court; born at Penshurst, Kent; the son of Sir Henry Sidney, lorddeputy of Ireland; sent as ambassador in 1577 to the court of Vienna; in 1583 he received a knighthood; he received his death wound at the battle of Zutphen; his fame as an author rests securely on his euphuistic prose romance "Arcadia,' his critical treatise "The Defense of Poesy," and above all on his exquisite sonnetseries Astrophel and Stella."

Sienkiewicz (se-en'ke-vix), Henry, 1846-, . A Polish author: born in Siedlce. He is the author of the historical novel "Quo Vadis"; With Fire and Sword,' "Knights of the Cross," etc.

Sig'ourney, Lydia (Huntley), 1791-1865. An American author; born in Norwich, Conn. In her "Letters of Life she enumerates forty-six distinct works wholly or partially from her pen, besides over 2,000 articles in prose and verse contributed by her to nearly 300 periodicals. Simms, William Gilmore, 1806-1870. A prolific American writer, born at Charleston, South Carolina. turned from law to literature; Southern Passages and Pictures contains characteristic examples of his poetry, and of his novels Woodcraft,' The Parisian," and "Beauchampe" may be mentioned.

Smith, Sidney, 1771-1845. An English clergyman: born in Woodford, Essex, England. In 1803 he removed to London; about the same time he married; he became renowned as one of the wittiest and most genial of men. He wrote "Letters on Catholics," "Three Letters to Singleton," and "Letters on American Debts." Smollett, Tobias George, 1721-1771. Novelist; born at Dalquhurn, Dumbartonshire, Scotland, of good family; bred to medicine, but drifted to literature; achieved his first success in "Roderick Random," which was followed by "Peregrine Pickle,' ""Count Fathom," and Humphrey Clinker' ; wrote a History of England," and a political lampoon, "The Adventures of an Atom."

Snorri, Sturluson, 1178-1241. An Icelandic poet and historian; born in Hvami, in the Dala district of Iceland. Snorri was the last and one of the greatest of the