In the table next submitted the persons in the households studied for whom detailed information was secured is shown according to sex and general nativity and race of individual:

TABLE 195.-Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

Upon referring to the above table, it is seen that of the total number of persons for whom data were received, 11.6 per cent were nativeborn of native father 36.6 per cent native-born of foreign father, and 51.8 per cent foreign-born. Both among the foreign-born and the native-born of foreign father the Croatians are shown in largest proportions. Among the second generation information was secured from a slightly larger proportion of Germans than of Poles, and among the foreign-born a slightly higher percentage of Poles than of Germans. The Irish, both of the first and second generations, were studied only in sufficient numbers for purposes of comparison. About the same relative proportion of males and females is shown for all races, with the exception of the Croatians, who show a comparatively high proportion of females of the second generation and of males of foreign birth.

EMPLOYEES FOR WHOM INFORMATION WAS SECURED.

The table and chart next presented show the number and per cent of male employees of each race for whom information was secured:

TABLE 196.-Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race.

CHAPTER II.

RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.

History of immigration-Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and members of their households-Racial classification of employees at the present time-Reasons for employment of immigrants-Method of securing immigrants-[Text Tables 197 to 199 and General Tables 113 and 114].

HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION.

Slaughtering and meat packing was not begun in Kansas City, Kans., until five years after the establishment of the industry in Chicago. The operating forces were at first made up of Americans, both whites and negroes, Irish, English, Germans, and Swedes, the larger part of the first four races having come from Chicago. These races continued to immigrate to Kansas City, and until the year 1890 were exclusively employed. After that year, the Croatians, Poles, and Slovaks began to seek work in the Kansas City packing houses, coming at first from Chicago and other cities, and later directly from Europe. The immigration of the early immigrants had practically stopped by 1890. During the past twenty years very few races of older immigration have entered the industry in Kansas City, and large proportions of those formerly employed there have engaged in other occupations and industries. The Germans and Swedes, as a rule, have become farmers or farm laborers. The Irish have engaged in diversified occupations. During the past ten years the southern and eastern Europeans have had the ascendency in the industry, Bulgarians, Italians, and Greeks having been added to the races already employed. The Italians and Greeks, however, do not remain in the industry permanently but seek work only in slack periods of demand for seasonal or casual labor. Since 1908 a considerable number of Japanese and Mexicans. also have found employment.

The racial displacements which have occurred may be well exhibited by the substitutions which have taken place in representative companies. In the case of one company, established thirty-nine years ago and at that time employing Americans, Germans, Irish, and Swedes exclusively, 20 per cent of the present operating force of 4,200 men are negroes, and of the remaining 80 per cent one-half are foreign-born, with races of recent immigration largely in predominance. Another establishment, started at the same time, originally had in its operating force Irish, German, English, and Swiss immigrants only. At the present time 40 per cent of its 1,200 employees are representatives of southern and eastern European races, with the Croatians in the majority; 20 to 25 per cent are negroes, and the remainder mainly native whites. Only 5 or 6 Irish immigrants are to be found in the plant at present. Another establishment began operations sixteen years ago, and its employees

consisted of persons native-born of native father, second generation Irish, Swedes, and Germans. By the year 1893 almost all of the original employees had left the plant to engage in other work, and the company was forced to rely mainly on negro labor, and later upon races of recent arrival in this country. These later immigrants were chiefly Poles and Croatians, with varying numbers of Bohemians, Mexicans, Slovaks, Russians, Greeks, and Italians. The composition of the adult male employees during August, 1908, and June, 1909, may be stated as follows, on the basis of statistics compiled by the company:

Under "White" are placed, somewhat arbitrarily, all whites who speak the English language, regardless of nativity. "Foreign means only those foreign-born who do not speak English. "White" would, therefore, include many immigrants; of the total white and foreign in 1908, about 40 per cent would be foreign-born. In 1909 the proportion would be somewhat larger.

The statement next submitted not only shows racial changes which have occurred, but also illustrates the large number of races employed. It exhibits the composition in January, 1907, and May, 1909, by country of birth, of the operating force of another company, which employs on an average about 1,200 persons:

PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSEHOLDS.

The series of tabulations next submitted, while primarily showing the period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees of the slaughtering and meat-packing establishments, affords an interesting insight into the racial movements to the community. While most of the immigrants in the past ten years have come to Kansas City directly from Europe, it must be borne in mind, however, that the period of residence of the foreign-born in this