IMMIGRANTS IN INDUSTRIES.

SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT PACKING,

This report, which was prepared under the direction of the Commission by W. Jett Lauck, superintendent of agents, forms part of the general report of the Immigration Commission on immigrants in industries.

IV

CONTENTS.

PART 1-GENERAL SURVEY OF THE SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT

PACKING INDUSTRY.

Members of households for whom detailed information was secured.

Employees for whom information was secured..

5

CHAPTER II.-Racial displacements:

History of immigration...

17

Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and

members of their households...

Racial classification of employees at the present time.

Reasons for employing immigrants....

30

CHAPTER III.-Economic status:

Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied..

Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United

States...

General occupation of women at the present time in the households studied.

General occupation of males at the present time in the households studied.

The first and second generations compared.....

Occupations entered by immigrants in the slaughtering and meat-packing

industry..

Daily earnings.

Relation between period of residence and earning ability.

Annual earnings of male heads of families studied..

Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied.

Annual family income..

Wives at work...

Female members of households studied who were at work...

Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of

keeping boarders or lodgers...

Sources of family income..

Relative importance of different sources of family income..

CHAPTER IV.-Working conditions:

Hours worked per day and per week..

Regularity of employment...

Liability to accident or disease..

Labor organizations...

Labor disputes.....

The immigrant and organized labor..

CHAPTER V.-Housing and living conditions:

Rent in its relation to standard of living..

Boarders and lodgers.....

Size of apartments occupied.

Size of households studied..

Congestion.......

90

94

99

106

109

112

114

CHAPTER VI.-Salient characteristics:

Age classification of employees and members of their households..

154

Relative efficiency of races employed......................

163

Ownership of homes...

163

Status of children in the households studied.

165

Citizenship....

Ability to speak English..

168

177

33

35

39

44

46

57

69

73

74

76

83

85

PART II-SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT PACKING IN CHICAGO.

CHAPTER I.-Introduction:

Page.

The significance of Chicago as a slaughtering and meat-packing center....

The stock-yards district of Chicago...

191

191

The development of the industry.

192

Households studied..

192

Members of households for whom detailed information was secured.

193

Employees for whom information was secured.

196

CHAPTER II.-Racial displacements:

History of immigration.....

199

Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and

members of their households................

201

Racial classification of employees at the present time.

204

Reasons for employing recent immigrants

205

Effect of the employment of immigrants upon former employees.

Progress and preference....

Methods of securing immigrants....

CHAPTER III.-Economic status:

Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied..

Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United

States..

205

205

206

207

210

General occupation of women at the present time in the households studied.

General occupation of males at the present time in the households studied.

Daily earnings...

211

212

213

Relation between period of residence and earning ability.

Annual earnings of male heads of families studied...

214

216

Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied.

Annual family income...

219

220

Wives at work....

221

Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied.

Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of

Age classification of employees and members of their households..

CHAPTER VII.-General progress and assimilation:

PART III-SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT PACKING IN KANSAS CITY, KANS.

CHAPTER I.-Introduction:

Page.

The significance of Kansas City, Kans., as a slaughtering and meat-packing

center..

267

Households studied.

267

Members of households for whom detailed information was secured.

Employees for whom information was secured..

268

271

CHAPTER II-Racial displacements:

Page.

History of immigration..

273

Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and

members of their households.

274

279

CHAPTER III.-Economic status:

Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied..

Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United

States....

General occupation of women at the present time in the households studied.

General occupation of males at the present time in the households studied.

Occupations entered by immigrants in the slaughtering and meat-packing

establishments.

Daily earnings...

Relation between period of residence and earning ability.

Annual earnings of male heads of families studied.

Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied..

Annual family income..

282

283

284

285

286

287

290

291

292

Wives at work....

292

Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households

studied.....

293

Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of

Age classification of employees and members of their households..

CHAPTER VII.-General progress and assimilation:

PART IV.-SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT PACKING IN SOUTH OMAHA.

CHAPTER I.-Introduction:

Page.

Industrial significance of the community.

333

The significance of South Omaha as a slaughtering and meat-packing center.

Description of the locality...

Members of households for whom detailed information was secured..

Employees for whom information was secured.....

336

338

CHAPTER II-Racial displacements:

History of immigration.....

341

Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and

members of their households...

CHAPTER III.-Economic status:

Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied..

Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United

States....

General occupation of women at the present time in the households studied.

General occupation of males at the present time in the households studied.

Occupations of immigrant employees in the slaughtering and meat-packing

industry..

Daily earnings..

Relation between period of residence and earning ability

Annual earnings of male heads of families...

Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied.

Annual family income...

Page.

347

351

351

353

354

354

355

357

358

360

Wives at work.....

360

Annual earnings of all females 18 years of age or over in the households

studied...

361

Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of

keeping boarders or lodgers

362

Sources of family income..

364

Relative importance of different sources of family income....

366

Age classification of foreign-born employees and members of their house-

holds..